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biology > C10 - Classification and evolution > Flashcards

C10 - Classification and evolution Flashcards

1
Q

What is classification?

A

Name given to the process by which living organisms are sorted into groups

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2
Q

What is the most widely used system of classification?

A

Linnaean classification - hierarchal classification

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3
Q

What are the groups called in hierarchal classification?

A

Taxonomic groups

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4
Q

What are the seven taxonomic groups in order?

A

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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5
Q

What further level of classification can be added to the hierarchal system?

A

Domain

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6
Q

Why do scientist classify an organism?

A

To identify species
To predict characteristics
To find evolutionary links

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7
Q

How are organisms classified?

A

First separates organisms into 3 domains
Archaea, bacteria, eukarya
Broadest groups

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8
Q

What is a species?

A

Group of organisms that can reproduce to create fertile offspring

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9
Q

What is significant about number of chromosomes in infertile animals?

A

They are odd
Meiosis cannot occur correctly as all chromosomes must pair up

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10
Q

How are species named?

A

Binomial nomenclature
First word is genus
Second word is species

Genus first letter in uppercase
Italics / underlined

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11
Q

What are the 5 kingdoms?

A

Prokaryotae (bacteria)
Protoctista (unicellular eukaryotes)
Fungi (yeasts, mould, mushroom)
Plantae (plants)
Animalia (animals)

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12
Q

General features of prokaryotae?

A

-Unicellular
-No nucleus or membrane bound organelles
-No visible feeding mechanism

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13
Q

General features of protoctista?

A

-(mainly) unicellular
-Nucleus and membrane bound organelles
-Some have chloroplasts
-Nutrients acquired by photosynthesis or ingestion

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14
Q

What is autotrophic?

A

Organisms that synthesise complex molecules from inorganic molecules via photosynthesis

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15
Q

What is heterotrophic?

A

Organisms that acquire nutrients by the ingestion of other organisms

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16
Q

General features of fungi

A

-Unicellular or multicellular
-Nucleus and membrane bound organelles
-Cell wall composed of chitin
-No chloroplasts
-No mechanisms for locomotion
-Most made of thread or hyphae
-Nutrients acquired by absorption
-Store food as glycogen

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17
Q

What is saprophytic

A

Organisms that acquire nutrients by absorption - mainly decaying material

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18
Q

General features of plantae

A

-Multicellular
-Nucleus and other membrane bound organelle
-Chlorophyll and chloroplasts
-Do not move
-Nutrients acquired through photosynthesis
-Store food as starch

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19
Q

General features of animalia

A

-Multicellular
-Nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
-No cell wall
-No chloroplasts
-Move with aid of cilia, flagella,
-Nutrients acquired by ingestion
-Food stored as glycogen

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20
Q

Changes to classification systems

A

Used to be based on observable features
Now based on evolutionary relationships

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21
Q

What is the three domain system

A

3 domains are archaea, bacteria, eukarya which have different ribosome and different RNA
then classified into 6 kingdoms

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22
Q

Describe ribosomes and RNA eukarya has

A

80s
RNA polymerase has 12 proteins

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23
Q

Describe ribosomes and RNA archaea has

A

70s
RNA polymerase contains between 9-10 proteins

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24
Q

Describe ribosomes and RNA bacteria has

A

70s
RNA polymerase contains 5 proteins

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25
Q

What are the 6 kingdoms in the 3 domain system

A

Protoctista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
Eubacteria
Archae-bacteria

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26
Q

What is archae bacteria

A

Ancient bacteria
Can live in extreme environments

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27
Q

What is eubacteria

A

True bacteria
Found in all environment, maj

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28
Q

Do scientists use 5 or 6 kingdoms

A

6

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29
Q

What is phylogeny

A

Evolutionary relationships between organisms

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30
Q

What is a phylogenetic tree

A

Diagram used to represent evolutionary relationships between organisms

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31
Q

How do you interpret phylogenetic trees?

A

Tips represent groups of descendent organisms
Where lines branch of represents common ancestors
Two descendants from same node are sister groups
Closer the branches, closer the evolutionary relationship

32
Q

Advantages of phylogeny

A

-Produces continuous tree, whereas, linnean produces discrete taxonomic groups
-Hierarchal nature of linnean is misleading as it implies different groups in same rank are equivalent

33
Q

What is evolution?

A

Theory that describes the way in which organisms evolve over many years as a result of natural selection

34
Q

What is natural selection

A

Process by which organisms best suited to their environment survive and reproduce, passing on their characteristics to their offspring through their genes

35
Q

How was the theory of evolution developed

A

In 1831, Charles Darwin went on the HMS Beagle to Galapagos
Studied finches and their beaks and claws
Beaks related to food available on different islands

36
Q

What was Alfred Wallace’s role in the theory of evolution

A

Working on his own theory in Borneo
Proposed theory of evolution through joint presentation

37
Q

What’s evidence for evolution

A

-Palaeontology: study of fossils and fossil record
-Comparative anatomy: study of similarities and differences between organisms’ anatomy
-Comparative biochemistry: similarities and differences between the chemical makeup of organisms

38
Q

What are fossils?

A

Remains or impressions of prehistoric plant or animal, preserved in rocks

39
Q

What is the fossil record

A

Over time sediment is deposited on the Earth to form starts of rock
Within different strata fossils are different

40
Q

What evidence does the fossil record provide?

A

-Fossils of simplest organism are found in oldest rocks
-Sequence in which organisms are found match their ecological links
-Study of anatomy of fossils can show how closely related organisms have evolved from same ancestor
-Fossils allow relationships between extinct and alive organisms to be studied

41
Q

Why is the fossil record incomplete

A

Soft-bodied organisms decompose quickly before they have a chance to fossilise
Some fossils have been destroyed in natural disasters

42
Q

What is comparative anatomy?

A

Study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of living species

43
Q

What is a homologous structure

A

Structure that appears superficially different but has the same underlying structure

44
Q

What’s divergent evolution?

A

Describes how, from a common ancestor, different species have evolved, each with a different set of adaptive features

45
Q

What is comparative biochemistry

A

Study of the similarities and differences in the proteins and the other molecules that control life processes

46
Q

What are two of the most commonly studied molecules

A

Cytochrome (protein involved in respiration)
Ribosomal RNA

47
Q

What does the hypothesis of neutral evaluation state?

A

Most of the variability of the structure of a molecule doesn’t change its function
Because most of the change occurs outside functional regions
Neutral changes

48
Q

How can you discover how closely two species are related

A

Molecular sequence compared
Look at order of DNA bases or amino acids
Number of differences plotted against rate molecule undergoes neutral base pair substitutions
Calculated

49
Q

What is variation

A

Differences in characteristics between organisms

50
Q

What’s interspecific variation

A

Differences in characteristics between organisms of different species

51
Q

What’s intraspecific variation

A

Differences in characteristics between organisms within a species

52
Q

What are the two causes of variation

A

Genetic material
Environment

53
Q

What are genetic causes of variation

A

-Alleles
-Mutations
-Meiosis
-Sexual reproduction
-Chance

54
Q

Environmental causes of variation

A

Plants more affected

55
Q

Are most variations caused by environmental or genetic factors

A

Mixture of both

56
Q

What is discontinuous variation

A

Characteristic that falls in distinct groups

57
Q

What is continuous variation

A

Variation that falls between a range

58
Q

What’s a normal distribution curve

A

Bell shaped curve
Continuous variation data

59
Q

What are characteristics of a normal distribution curve

A

The mean, mode and median are the same
Distribution is symmetrical about the mean
Most values lie close to mean

60
Q

How to calculate standard deviation

A

(Sum of (value measured - mean value)^2) / number of values - 1
Square rooted

61
Q

How do you do a t test

A

t = (mean of data 1 - mean of data 2) / (sd / n of 1) + (sd /n of 2)
Denominator square rooted

62
Q

What must the t test significance values be?

A

If t test lower that p=0.05 value the null hypothesis is correct
It is significantly different

63
Q

Spearman’s rank calculation

A

Correlation coefficient = 1 - ((6(sum of difference in ranks)^2)/(n)(n^2-1)
N=number of pairs
Ranked so same values have same rankings

64
Q

What does correlation coefficient tell us

A

+1 perfect positive
-1 perfect negative
0 no correlation

65
Q

What are adaptations

A

Characteristics that increase an organisms chance of survival

66
Q

What are the 3 types of adaptations

A

Anatomical
Behavioural
Physiological

67
Q

What are examples of anatomical adaptations

A

-Body covering (eg, hair, scales, feathers)
-Camouflage
-Teeth
-Mimicry

68
Q

How is marram grass adapted

A

Xerophyte adapted to sand dunes with little water
Adaptations reduce rate of transpiration

69
Q

What are some examples of behavioural adaptation

A

-Survival behaviours
-Courtship
-Seasonal behaviours (migration, hibernation)

70
Q

What two categories do behavioural adaptations fall into

A

-Innate /instinctive behaviour
-Learned behaviour

Usually both

71
Q

What are some examples of physiological adaptations

A

-Poison production
-Antibiotics production
-Water holding

72
Q

What is an analogous structure?

A

Structures that have adapted to perform the same functions but have a different origin

73
Q

What is convergent evolution

A

Organisms evolve to become more similar due to similar environments or selection pressures

74
Q

Example of convergent evolution

A

Marsupial and placental mice - both small, agile climbers that live in dense ground cover and forage for food at night

75
Q

What are selection pressures

A

Factors that affect the organisms chance of survival or reproductive success

76
Q

Steps of natural selection

A

1) Organisms have variations in there characteristics due to differences in their genes
2) Organisms whose characteristics are best adapted to a selection pressure have higher chance of surviving and successfully reproducing. Less well adapted experience opposite
3) Successful organisms pass allele for advantageous characteristics off to their offspring, non successful less likely to pass on
4) Repeated for generations, proportions of advantageous characteristic increases, frequency of allele increases

77
Q

Modern day examples of evolution

A

Antibiotic resistant bacteria
Peppered moths
Sheep blowflies (pesticide used to kill- preadaptation)
Flavobacterium (digest nylon 6 -help clear factory waste)

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