C14) The Media Flashcards
(35 cards)
1
Q
what is traditional media?
A
any form of mass communication that existed before the arrival of the digital age, including television, radio, newspapers and magazines. has been challenged and transformed by new media
2
Q
what is new media?
A
3
Q
what shows the decline in newspaper readership?
A
- 238 local NPs shut down between 2005-2017
- the Independent NP ceased paper puhblication & went fully online in 2016
- The Sun’s year-on-year chaneg in 2020= down 10%
- ^all major NPs (apart from metro free) declined by at least 4%
- overall readership down 10million between 2010-18
4
Q
what papers are linked to sic classes?
A
-higher socioec groups: The Telegraph, The Times, FT, The Guradian
- lower socec groups: The Sun, The Daily Star, Daily Mirror
- across al: daily mail, express
5
Q
how do dif age groups differ in NP readership?
A
- 68% of 65+ read them, 20% of 16-24; suggests decline in fut
6
Q
why might talk of decline in print media be exaggearted?
A
- transformation of the print industry not the end
- moved online using dif financial means:
- free use, ads- the sun, daily mail
fin contributions from readers- the guradian - subscription scheme- the times
- 2019-
- the sun- 30 million online monthly reads
- ^ the mail online- 29mill
- ^ the guardian evening standard- 23mill
7
Q
how might print media still be infl in infl the agenda& broadcast media?
A
- close realtionship w soc med; soc med stories built off he mainstream pres
- journalists/ papers w a strong online presence
- use soc med to post storie sas they happen & get ppl to click through to ther online site
8
Q
what scandal caused issues w trust w the print media?
A
- the Leveson Report 2012- long-running scandal where news of the world journalists hacked the phone of a murdered teenager
- caused scanadl & public revultion & report calling for stronger regulation by an indep body backed by leg; this body has still not been set up yet, as print med industr sees it as a state control of the press so the print med self-regulates
9
Q
what % of ppl access television as a source of news?
A
- 70%
10
Q
who did OFCOM find most ppl got their televison from in 2019?
A
- BBC-
11
Q
other than broadcasting services, how else is the BBC having an infl on the public?
A
- moved to online platforms due to drop in broadcast views
- 2019: accounted for 28% of time spent reading news online sites- daily mail only 21%
12
Q
what did OFCOM find in 2019 in regards to age, ethnicity and television use as a news source?
A
- 94% of 65+ use TV
- 50% of 16-24 use TV
- consistency across all socio-economic groups
- ethnic minorities- %, white ppl- 77% TV use
- 65% ethnic mins & 16-24 use online/ soc med as primary source
13
Q
How has the role of the broadcast media during election campaigns led to Prime Ministers being able to claim ‘personal mandates’ and increased power over their cabinet / party / parliament?
A
- dif style of campaigning- focus on indiv character of PM candidate
- seek television cobverage eg school, hospital visits etc
- cathy slogans such as GBD & performative acts to reach headlines- eg BOris Johnson driving thrugh wall, ed davey stunts
- c’dumbing down’ of politics to focus on oversimplified messages & personal lives of politicians
14
Q
why can it be said that soc med is not changing who the public get their news from, but rather how they access it?
A
- turned everyday ppl into the reporters on news, but stories still start from trad broadcast/ press platforms- on phone too
15
Q
which demographic groups are more likely to use soc med as source of news?
A
- ethnic min, 16-24 y/o
- can encourage young ppl to v:
- 1.5 million voters under 30 registered to vote within first month of GE announcement in 2017
16
Q
Example of concern about ‘fake news’ being spread on social media
A
- 2017- cons claim lab spreading false claims abt tory plans to privatise nhs
- 2016 remain camp accuse leave camp of making misleading claims abt turkey’s memebrship of teh EU
17
Q
what is the main prob w soc med as a news source?
A
- lack of regulation means lack of transparency abt where stories came from & developed- news shrouded in fog & confusion over fake news and limited regulation
18
Q
are opinion polls or exit poles more accurate?
A
- exit polls
- eg 2024 predicted lab would gain 410 seats, they gained 412
- dif from v intention polls as they predict seats p will gain rather then votes they’ll recieve
19
Q
According to the British Polling Council, why did opinion polls fail to predict the 2010 & 2015 election results
A
- overestomated supp of lab as spoke mainly to ppl likely to v lab rather than tory
- predicted a hung parl in 2015 not cons maj
20
Q
how does thatcher’s 1987 election pledge, the poll tax, demonstarte the value of opinion polls in uk democ?
A
- a vote for a party can hardly be for their whole manifesto, so opinion polls showed outrage & DISSATISFACTION W THE Flat rate poll tax & allow Ps to see what vs care abt, enhancing democ
21
Q
what is the bandwagon effect?
A
- opinion polls may infl ppl to adjust their views to fit the maj
22
Q
what is the underdog effect?
A
- causes some to adopt minority view out of sympathy
23
Q
what negative infl can opinion polls have on democ?
A
- Where polling reflects a clear victory for one side this can have a negative impact on voter turnout; 8while resulting the ‘horse race’ style media coverage shapes the narrative rather than focusing on key issues and policies
- inaccurate polling can lead to Ps making the wrong decisions
- Confidence in polls has been undermined by recent failiures to predict the right result. Polls can be seen to shape politics rather than their intended purpose which is to measure it
- It is important that government is responsive to opinion, the role of the political party in power is to make and win arguments not just to slavishly follow the polls.
24
Q
what positive infl do op polls have on democ?
A
- Opinion polls provide a key channel for political communication, informing parties about opinion. -2017 labour manifesto chimed with the policy issue polls showing the public to back them on issues like renationalising the railways and freezing the retirement age for example
- Polls provide an accurate measure of public attitudes and voting intentions.
- Opinion polls can help the media, oppo parties campaign groups and backbenchers to hold the gov to account over unpopular policies and decisions. → 2012 coalition government were forced to reverse their 3p rise in tax on fuel in response to pressure from industry leaders and backbenchers which was backed up by polling figures.
- Polling can inform public debate and facilitate voter engagement especially when reported across the media. →2010,15 and 17 GEs were reported as close leading to a higher turnout in all 3.
25
why is it naive to suggest that soc med has a direct, one-way infl on voters?
- voters are not just empty vessels waiting to be filled up w info
- come from a range of backgrounds/ primary & secondary socialisation, dif social factors that act as a screen for them to process info through
- pre-interpreted beleifs like these allow media to be interpreted in dif way and accepted/ rejected- eg cons supp less likely to read the guardian
- but it is hard to narrow down v behav to one factor
26
what is open bias?
- explicit and direct
- most NPs do
- eg the sun backed cons 2019 election, and leave camp in 2016 brexit- ran headline 'BeLeave in Britain'
27
what is hidden bias?
- hidden behind a mask of neutrality
- mostly accusations against broadcasting services, who are obligated to be politically impartial
28
how does broadcast media demonstrate bias against min Ps?
- min Ps complain of a lack of media coverage; in 2017, 62.7% of all TV pol appeareances were lab or cons
29
examples of indiv programmes/ broadcasts accused of hidden bias?
- 2019, bj & tories accuse today sow from channel 4 as exhibiting anti-tory bias
- lab accuse laura keunsberg of innaccurate coverage on JC's shoot-to-kill policy initiatives following Paris attacks in 2015
- during the EU referendum and Brexit debate many leavers argued there was an establishment of pro-EU bias in the BBC’s coverage by promoting more remain voices on their news output. Led to debates being interpreted through the problems Brexit would cause and splits in the Tory party.
30
how ddoes broadcast med's interests/ establishment link to hidden bias?
- viwed as being part of the establishment, w big money influence; help shape what public think, rather than directly telling them
- eg 2010 & 2015 GEs, developed lense than britain was broke; so viewed through terms of austerity following fin crisis of 2007-9 during lab gov and staggring debts
31
what's OFCOM?
- OFCOM:
- regulates broadcast media so balance between Ps stays in tact & impartiality is maintained in reporting the news
- ^ reinforced by journalists who view neutrality as central to their professionalism
- ^ but Ps constantly accuse : The left: BBC’s pro-employers & anti-workers stance/ Right: BBC= a libral institution opposed to cons values
32
what's significant abt The Sun?
- always back the winner
- after 1992 t win, claimed 'it's the sun wot won it'
33
how did the sun & its readers show decrease in print med infl?
- 2017 portrayed JC as a 'freind of terrorists' and 'marxist extremist', yet 30% of its voters still voted for lab
- but in 2019, it had long term impact infl as JC supp collapsed, tho this was largely due to in fighting
34
could it be said the Sun don't truly infl readers?
- argued they just follow their membership's alignment- eg in 2009 switched supp to DC & Ts after many of its readers had done the same
- this is to maintain readership
35
