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C2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of chemical bonds?

A

Ionic covalent and metallic

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2
Q

What is ionic bonding?

A

Electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions

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3
Q

What is covalent bonding?

A

Electrostatic forces of attraction between the nuclei of atoms and the shared pair of electrons

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4
Q

What is metallic bonding?

A

The electrostatic forces of attraction between cations and the sea of delocalised electrons

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5
Q

When does metallic bonding occur?

A

Metallic bonding occurs in metallic elements and alloys

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6
Q

When does ionic bonding occur?

A

Ionic bonding occurs in compounds formed from metals combined with nonmetals

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7
Q

When does covalent bonding occur ?

A

Covalent bonding occurs in most non metallic elements and in compounds of non metals

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8
Q

What happens in ionic bonding?

A

The electrons in the outer shell of the metal atom are transferred to make a full outer shell

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9
Q

What happens to metals when they lose an electron?

A

They become positively charged ions

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10
Q

What happens when nonmetals gain electrons?

A

They become a
Negatively charged ions

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11
Q

What do the ions produced by metals in groups 1 and 2 and by non metals in group 6 and 7 have the electronic structure of?

A

Noble gases

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12
Q

What a dot and cross diagram be used represented?

A

The electron transfer during the formation of an ionic compound

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13
Q

What do the charge on the ions produced by groups 1 2 6 7 realate to?

A

The group number of the element in the periodic table

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14
Q

What is an ionic compound?

A

A giant structure of ions

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15
Q

What are ionic compounds held together by.

A

Strong electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions

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16
Q

What happens when atoms share pairs of electrons?

A

They form covalent bonds these bonds between atoms are strong

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17
Q

What do covalently bonded substances consist of?

A

Small molecules

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18
Q

What do some covalent bonds have?

A

Large molecules such as polymers

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19
Q

What structure do some covalently bonded substances have?

A

Giant covalent structures

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20
Q

What do metals consist of ?

A

Giant structures of atoms arranged in a regular pattern

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21
Q

What are the electrons in the outer shell of metal atoms?

A

Delocalised and so are free to move through the whole structure

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22
Q

What do the sharing of delocalised electrons give ?

A

Rise to strong metallic bonding

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23
Q

What are the states of matter?

A

Solid liquid gas

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24
Q

What takes place at the melting point?

A

Melting and freezing

25
What takes place at the boiling point?
Boiling and condensing
26
How are particles represented in states of matter?
Small solid spheres
27
What can particle theory help explain?
Melting boiling freezing and condensing
28
What does the stronger forces between the particles equal?
The higher the melting and boiling point of the substance
29
What are the state symbols for solids liquids and gas and aqueous solution?
(S) (l) (g) (aq)
30
What do ionic compounds have ?
Regular structures ( giant ionic lattices ) in which there are strong electrostatic forces of attraction in all directions between oppositely charged ions
31
What do the compounds in ionic compounds have ?
High melting and boiling points because of the large amounts of energy needed to break the many strong bonds
32
What happens when ionic compounds melt or dissolve in water?
They conduct electricity because the ions are free to move and so charge can flow
33
What are substances that consist of small molecules?
They are usually gases or liquids that have relatively low melting and boiling points
34
How do the intermolecular forces increase ?
They increase with the size of the molecules so larger molecules have higher melting and boiling points
35
Why do intermolecular substances not conduct electricity?
Because the molecules do not have an overall electric charge
36
How are the atoms in polymer molecules linked to other atoms?
By strong covalent bonds
37
How strong are the intermolecular forces between polymer molecules?
They are relatively strong and so these substances are solids at room temperature
38
What are substances that consist of giant covalent structures?
They are solids with very high melting points
39
How are the atoms in giant covalent structures linked?
By strong covalent bonds
40
What must happen to be able to melt or boil giant covalent substances?
They must over come these strong covalent bonds
41
What are some examples of giant covalent structures?
Diamond graphite and silicon dioxide
42
What do metals have ?
Giant structures of atoms with strong metallic bonding
43
How are atoms arranged in metals?
In layers which allows metals to be bent and shaped
44
Do metals have a low or high Mel and boiling point?
High
45
Why are pure metals mixed with other metals?
Because they are too soft for many uses so they are mixed with other metals to make alloys which are harder to
46
Why are metals good conductors of electricity?
Because the delocalised electrons in the metal carry electrical charge through the metal
47
Why are metals good conductors of thermal energy?
Because energy is transferred by the delocalised electrons
48
In a diamond how many covalent bonds do each carbon atom form?
It forms 4 covalent bonds with other carbon atoms in a gang covalent structure so diamond is very hard to
49
What are some properties of diamond ?
It has a high melting point and does not conduct electricity
50
How many covalent bonds does each carbon atom form in graphite?
3 covalent bonds with 3 other carbon atoms forming layers of hexagonal rings which has no covalent bonds between the lauers
51
How many electrons in graphite are delocalised?
One electron from each carbon atom is delocalised
52
What is grapheme?
A single layer of graphite and has properties that make it useful in electronics and composites
53
What are fullerenes?
They are molecules of carbon atoms with hollow shapes
54
What is the structure of fullerene based on?
It’s based on hexagonal rings of carbon atoms but they may also contain rings with 5 or 7 carbon atoms
55
Who discovered the first fullerenes?
Buckminsterfullerene (c60) he discovered it has a spherical shape
56
What are carbon nanotubes?
They are cylindrical fullerenes with very high length to diameter ratios
57
What are carbon nanotubes useful for?
Nanotechnology,electronics,materials
58
What are coarse part often referred to as?
Dust
59
What are some applications of nano particles ?
Medicine electronics cosmetics sunscreen deodorant and as catalysts

Chemistry (10 decks)

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