C3 - Chemical Economics

Question 1

C3 - Chemical Economics

What is the equation for atom economy?

Answer 1

(Mr of desired product ÷ sum of Mr of ALL products) x 100

Question 2

C3 - Chemical Economics

What is the equation for percentage yield?

Answer 2

(actual yield ÷ expected yield) x 100

Question 3

C3 - Chemical Economics

How do you calculate the energy tranferred by a fuel?

Answer 3

mass of water x specific heat capacity of water x temperature change

Question 4

C3 - Chemical Economics

How do you calculate the energy tranferred by a fuel per gram?

Answer 4

energy transferred ÷ mass of fuel burned

Question 5

C3 - Chemical Economics

What are the 3 allotropes of carbon?

Answer 5

Diamond, Graphite and Buckminsterfullerene

Question 6

C3 - Chemical Economics

What are the advantages of a continuous process?

Answer 6

Does not need to be shut down often. Can be highly automated. Can produce a high quantity at once. Consistent quality.

Question 7

C3 - Chemical Economics

What are the disadvantages of a continuous process?

Answer 7

High startup costs. Not flexible - can’t produce a range of products on the same machinery.

Question 8

C3 - Chemical Economics

What are the advantages of a batch process?

Answer 8

Small/low startup costs. Can produce a variety of products (flexible). Drugs can be complicated so it’s easier to make small batches - easier to recall if there is a problem.

Question 9

C3 - Chemical Economics

What are the disadvantages of a batch process?

Answer 9

Equipment needs cleaning out before each batch. Difficult to keep consistentcy. Very labour intensive.

Question 10

C3 - Chemical Economics

What are the properties of diamond?

Answer 10

High melting point. Rigid structure. Does NOT conduct electricity. Lustrous/shiny.

Question 11

C3 - Chemical Economics

What are the properties of buckminsterfullerene?

Answer 11

Shaped like closed tubes or hollow balls. Can be joined to form nanotubes. Used as industrial catalysts.

Question 12

C3 - Chemical Economics

What are the properties of graphite?

Answer 12

High melting point. Slippery. Conducts electricity. Lustrous/shiny.

Question 13

C3 - Chemical Economics

Why does diamond not conduct electricity?

Answer 13

Because there are no delocalised (free) electrons. All 4 carbon atoms are bonded to.

Question 14

C3 - Chemical Economics

Why do diamond and graphite have high melting points?

Answer 14

Because the strong covalent bonds take a lot of energy to break.

Question 15

C3 - Chemical Economics

Why can graphite conduct electricity?

Answer 15

Because only 3 out of the 4 carbon atoms are used in bonds, therefore it has free (delocalised) electrons.

Question 16

C3 - Chemical Economics

Why can fullerene be used as a catalyst?

Answer 16

They can be joined to form nanotubes which have a large surface area. Individual catalyst molecules can be attached to the nanotube.

Question 17

C3 - Chemical Economics

What can fullerenes be used for?

Answer 17

Administering drugs to the body for slow release, by caging the molecule and trapping it inside. Industrial catalysts.

Question 18

C3 - Chemical Economics

What properties do giant molecular structures have?

Answer 18

Usually don’t conduct electricity - except graphite. Have high melting points. Don’t dissolve in water. Strong.

Question 19

C3 - Chemical Economics

What is an exothermic reaction?

Answer 19

One which gives out energy to the surroundings, usually in the form of heat, which is shown by a rise in temperature.

Question 20

C3 - Chemical Economics

What is an endothermic reaction?

Answer 20

One which takes in energy from the surroundings, usually in the form of heat which is shown by a fall in temperature.

Question 21

C3 - Chemical Economics

What is an example of an endothermic reaction?

Answer 21

Thermal decomposition because heat must be supplied to cause the compound to decompose.

Question 22

C3 - Chemical Economics

What is an example of an exothermic reaction?

Answer 22

Burning fuels, as it gives out lots of heat.

Question 23

C3 - Chemical Economics

What happens to bonds in an exothermic reaction?

Answer 23

The energy released in bond formation exceeds the amount of energy used in breaking old bonds.

Question 24

C3 - Chemical Economics

What happens to bonds in an endothermic reaction?

Answer 24

The energy required to break old bonds is greater than the energy released when new bonds are formed.

Question 25

# C3 - Chemical Economics What does a calorimetric experiment involve?

Answer 25

Heating water by burning a liquid fuel. Reduce draughts and put as much heat as possible into heating up the water.

Question 26

# C3 - Chemical Economics How is a calorimetric experiment kept fair?

Answer 26

Same apparatus, same amount of water, and the water should start and finish at the same temperature.

Question 27

# C3 - Chemical Economics What is one of the slowest reactions?

Answer 27

Rusting of iron. Though others include chemical weathering.

Question 28

# C3 - Chemical Economics What is an example of a moderate speed reaction?

Answer 28

Reacting a metal with a dilute acid to produce a gentle stream of bubbles.

Question 29

# C3 - Chemical Economics What is an example of a fast reaction?

Answer 29

Burning is really fast. But an explosion is even faster and releases a lot of gas. Explosive reactions are all over in a fraction of a second.

Question 30

# C3 - Chemical Economics What 2 ways can the gas produced measure the rate of a reaction?

Answer 30

Measure the change in mass - take readings off the balance at regular intervals. Measure the volume of gas - use a gas syringe to measure the volume of gas produced at regular intervals.

Question 31

# C3 - Chemical Economics What does the rate of a chemical reaction depend upon?

Answer 31

Collision frequency (how often they collide), and the energy transferred during a collision (particles must collide with sufficient energy to be successful).

Question 32

# C3 - Chemical Economics What 4 factors can lead to an increased rate of reaction?

Answer 32

Increasing the temperature, increasing the concentration or pressure, larger surface area (by crushing/cutting into smaller pieces) and addding a catalyst

Question 33

# C3 - Chemical Economics What happens to mass in a reaction?

Answer 33

It is always conserved. No atoms are destroyed or created.

Question 34

# C3 - Chemical Economics What does a low atom economy mean?

Answer 34

They use up resources very quickly and make lots of waste materials - usually these processes aren't profitable.

Question 35

# C3 - Chemical Economics What does a high atom economy mean?

Answer 35

The products are used and produce lots of products, very little is wasted.

Question 36

# C3 - Chemical Economics Why do industrial processes want as high a % yield as possible?

Answer 36

To reduce waste and reduce costs/make more profit.

Question 37

# C3 - Chemical Economics Why is the % yield never 100%?

Answer 37

Because some product always gets lost through things like: evaporation, not all reactants reacting to make a product, filtration and transferring liquids (left on inside of container)

Question 38

# C3 - Chemical Economics Why do pharmaceutical drugs cost a lot?

Answer 38

Research and development (finding a suitable compound, testing it and modifying it), trialling (all need to be tested before use) and manufacture (batch process is labour intensive and can't be automated)

Question 39

# C3 - Chemical Economics What are the steps in chromatography?

Answer 39

Crush, boil to dissolve in a suitable solvent, separate by chromatography (spots of different chemicals move up the paper at different speeds), extract the chemical you want.

Question 40

# C3 - Chemical Economics (Mr of desired product ÷ sum of Mr of ALL products) x 100

Answer 40

What is the equation for atom economy?

Question 41

# C3 - Chemical Economics (actual yield ÷ expected yield) x 100

Answer 41

What is the equation for percentage yield?

Question 42

# C3 - Chemical Economics mass of water x specific heat capacity of water x temperature change

Answer 42

How do you calculate the energy tranferred by a fuel?

Question 43

# C3 - Chemical Economics energy transferred ÷ mass of fuel burned

Answer 43

How do you calculate the energy tranferred by a fuel per gram?

Question 44

# C3 - Chemical Economics Diamond, Graphite and Buckminsterfullerene

Answer 44

What are the 3 allotropes of carbon?

Question 45

# C3 - Chemical Economics Does not need to be shut down often. Can be highly automated. Can produce a high quantity at once. Consistent quality.

Answer 45

What are the advantages of a continuous process?

Question 46

# C3 - Chemical Economics High startup costs. Not flexible - can't produce a range of products on the same machinery.

Answer 46

What are the disadvantages of a continuous process?

Question 47

# C3 - Chemical Economics Small/low startup costs. Can produce a variety of products (flexible). Drugs can be complicated so it's easier to make small batches - easier to recall if there is a problem.

Answer 47

What are the advantages of a batch process?

Question 48

# C3 - Chemical Economics Equipment needs cleaning out before each batch. Difficult to keep consistentcy. Very labour intensive.

Answer 48

What are the disadvantages of a batch process?

Question 49

# C3 - Chemical Economics High melting point. Rigid structure. Does NOT conduct electricity. Lustrous/shiny.

Answer 49

What are the properties of diamond?

Question 50

# C3 - Chemical Economics Shaped like closed tubes or hollow balls. Can be joined to form nanotubes. Used as industrial catalysts.

Answer 50

What are the properties of buckminsterfullerene?

Question 51

# C3 - Chemical Economics High melting point. Slippery. Conducts electricity. Lustrous/shiny.

Answer 51

What are the properties of graphite?

Question 52

# C3 - Chemical Economics Because there are no delocalised (free) electrons. All 4 carbon atoms are bonded to.

Answer 52

Why does diamond not conduct electricity?

Question 53

# C3 - Chemical Economics Because the strong covalent bonds take a lot of energy to break.

Answer 53

Why do diamond and graphite have high melting points?

Question 54

# C3 - Chemical Economics Because only 3 out of the 4 carbon atoms are used in bonds, therefore it has free (delocalised) electrons.

Answer 54

Why can graphite conduct electricity?

Question 55

# C3 - Chemical Economics They can be joined to form nanotubes which have a large surface area. Individual catalyst molecules can be attached to the nanotube.

Answer 55

Why can fullerene be used as a catalyst?

Question 56

# C3 - Chemical Economics Administering drugs to the body for slow release, by caging the molecule and trapping it inside. Industrial catalysts.

Answer 56

What can fullerenes be used for?

Question 57

# C3 - Chemical Economics Usually don't conduct electricity - except graphite. Have high melting points. Don't dissolve in water. Strong.

Answer 57

What properties do giant molecular structures have?

Question 58

# C3 - Chemical Economics One which gives out energy to the surroundings, usually in the form of heat, which is shown by a rise in temperature.

Answer 58

What is an exothermic reaction?

Question 59

# C3 - Chemical Economics One which takes in energy from the surroundings, usually in the form of heat which is shown by a fall in temperature.

Answer 59

What is an endothermic reaction?

Question 60

# C3 - Chemical Economics Thermal decomposition because heat must be supplied to cause the compound to decompose.

Answer 60

What is an example of an endothermic reaction?

Question 61

# C3 - Chemical Economics Burning fuels, as it gives out lots of heat.

Answer 61

What is an example of an exothermic reaction?

Question 62

# C3 - Chemical Economics The energy released in bond formation exceeds the amount of energy used in breaking old bonds.

Answer 62

What happens to bonds in an exothermic reaction?

Question 63

# C3 - Chemical Economics The energy required to break old bonds is greater than the energy released when new bonds are formed.

Answer 63

What happens to bonds in an endothermic reaction?

Question 64

# C3 - Chemical Economics Heating water by burning a liquid fuel. Reduce draughts and put as much heat as possible into heating up the water.

Answer 64

What does a calorimetric experiment involve?

Question 65

# C3 - Chemical Economics Same apparatus, same amount of water, and the water should start and finish at the same temperature.

Answer 65

How is a calorimetric experiment kept fair?

Question 66

# C3 - Chemical Economics Rusting of iron. Though others include chemical weathering.

Answer 66

What is one of the slowest reactions?

Question 67

# C3 - Chemical Economics Reacting a metal with a dilute acid to produce a gentle stream of bubbles.

Answer 67

What is an example of a moderate speed reaction?

Question 68

# C3 - Chemical Economics Burning is really fast. But an explosion is even faster and releases a lot of gas. Explosive reactions are all over in a fraction of a second.

Answer 68

What is an example of a fast reaction?

Question 69

# C3 - Chemical Economics Measure the change in mass - take readings off the balance at regular intervals. Measure the volume of gas - use a gas syringe to measure the volume of gas produced at regular intervals.

Answer 69

What 2 ways can the gas produced measure the rate of a reaction?

Question 70

# C3 - Chemical Economics Collision frequency (how often they collide), and the energy transferred during a collision (particles must collide with sufficient energy to be successful).

Answer 70

What does the rate of a chemical reaction depend upon?

Question 71

# C3 - Chemical Economics Increasing the temperature, increasing the concentration or pressure, larger surface area (by crushing/cutting into smaller pieces) and addding a catalyst

Answer 71

What 4 factors can lead to an increased rate of reaction?

Question 72

# C3 - Chemical Economics It is always conserved. No atoms are destroyed or created.

Answer 72

What happens to mass in a reaction?

Question 73

# C3 - Chemical Economics They use up resources very quickly and make lots of waste materials - usually these processes aren't profitable.

Answer 73

What does a low atom economy mean?

Question 74

# C3 - Chemical Economics The products are used and produce lots of products, very little is wasted.

Answer 74

What does a high atom economy mean?

Question 75

# C3 - Chemical Economics To reduce waste and reduce costs/make more profit.

Answer 75

Why do industrial processes want as high a % yield as possible?

Question 76

# C3 - Chemical Economics Because some product always gets lost through things like: evaporation, not all reactants reacting to make a product, filtration and transferring liquids (left on inside of container)

Answer 76

Why is the % yield never 100%?

Question 77

# C3 - Chemical Economics Research and development (finding a suitable compound, testing it and modifying it), trialling (all need to be tested before use) and manufacture (batch process is labour intensive and can't be automated)

Answer 77

Why do pharmaceutical drugs cost a lot?

Question 78

# C3 - Chemical Economics Crush, boil to dissolve in a suitable solvent, separate by chromatography (spots of different chemicals move up the paper at different speeds), extract the chemical you want.

Answer 78

What are the steps in chromatography?