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Chemistry GCSE > C6.2: Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

C6.2: Organic Chemistry Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

What are alkanes?

A

Saturated hydrocarbons

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2
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A homologous series is a bunch of organic compounds that have the same general formula and similar chemical properties

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3
Q

What is the general alkane formula?

A

CnH2n+2

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4
Q

Monkeys, Eat, Purple, Bananas
What is this analogy

A

Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane

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5
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

A compound made of hydrogen and carbon atoms only

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6
Q

What does it mean by SATURATED?

A

Carbon to carbon atoms are joined by a single C-C covalent bond only

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7
Q

What is complete combustion?

A

When a fuel burns completely due to oxygen being present, and carbon dioxide and water are the products

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8
Q

What is the word equation for the complete combustion of propane?

A

Propane + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water

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9
Q

What is incomplete combustion?

A

If there is not enough oxygen present, the fuel cannot be burned properly
Carbon monoxide and carbon (soot) and water produced

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10
Q

What is carbon soot?

A

Solid carbon particles

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11
Q

What is the word equation for the incomplete combustion of propane?

A

Propane + oxygen —> carbon monoxide + carbon soot + water

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12
Q

What is carbon monoxide?

A

A toxic gas, causing suffocation by binding to the red blood cells, not leaving enough room for haemoglobin

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13
Q

What are alkenes?

A

Unsaturated hydrocarbons

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14
Q

What is the general alkene formula?

A

CnH2n

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15
Q

Methene, ethene, propene
Which one of these does NOT exist in nature?

A

Methene - CH2 is NOT methene, it’s called methylene

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16
Q

Why are alkenes unsaturated?

A

They have a carbon to carbon double bond

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17
Q

What is a functional group?

A

It’s the bit of the atom that reacts, a functional group determines the main properties of an organic compound

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18
Q

What is the functional group in alkenes?

A

C=C

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19
Q

What is the functional group in alkanes?

A

C-C

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20
Q

What is the functional group in alcohols?

A

OH-

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21
Q

What is the functional group in carboxylic acids?

A

COOH

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22
Q

What is an addition reaction?

A

A reaction in which one molecule combines with another to form no other products

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23
Q

What is a condensation polymer?

A

Where monomers with 2 functional groups join together and lose small molecules such as as water - hence called condensation reactions

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24
Q

How do you make alkanes from alkenes?

A

Alkenes undergo addition reactions with hydrogen in the presence of nickel catalysts to form alkanes

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25
What test is used to identify the presence of an alkene? What is observed?
Bromine water If you add bromine water to an alkene, the colour will go from orange to colourless
26
What are alcohols?
An organic compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups (-OH)
27
What is the general formula for alcohols?
CnH2n+1OH
28
What do the names for alcohol usually end in?
“Ol” Methanol, propanol, Butanol, ethanol
29
How can alcohols form carboxylic acids?
They can be oxidised to form them, however this does require an oxidising agent in the form of potassium chromate in dilute sulfuric acid
30
What is the general formula for carboxylic acids?
CnH2n+1COOH
31
What type of acids are carboxylic acids and why?
Weak acids, dont completely ionise in water
32
Why is the formula of a carboxylic acid with 5 carbons C4H9COOH?
Because there are 2 carbons within
33
What do carboxylic acids produce when reacted with metals?
salt and hydrogen
34
What do carboxylic acids produce when reacted with alkalis?
Salt and water
35
What do carboxylic acids produce when reacted with carbonates?
Salt Water Carbon dioxide
36
What are acidic solutions?
Acidic solutions contain higher concentrations of H+ ions than pure water and have pH values below 7
37
What are alkaline solutions?
Solutions with more OH- ions and more bases, making the pH over 7
38
What is a base?
A substance with a pH greater than 7
39
What is the difference between an alkali and a base?
A base is insoluble An alkali is a soluble base
40
What is crude oil?
A non renewable mixture of compounds made from dead sea creatures Viscous
41
Crude oil is finite resource. What does that mean?
It’s being used up faster than its being produced
42
How does fractional distillation work?
It takes advantage of the different boiling points of molecules to separate them
43
What happens at the bottom of the fractionating column?
At the bottom, large molecules have higher boiling points, not very volatile, do not flow easily
44
What is the temp at the bottom of the fractionating column?
350 degrees c
45
What is the temp at the top of the fractionating column?
25 degrees C
46
What are fractions?
Hydrocarbons with similar boiling points separated from crude oils
47
What is the molecule at the bottom of the fractionating column?
Bitumen
48
What molecule is at the top of the fractionating column?
LPG
49
What will be condensed first in the fractionating column?
Long hydrocarbons
50
What is cracking?
The break down of long chain alkanes into more useful alkenes and shorter chain alkanes
51
How is cracking carried out?
Crude oil or hydrocarbons are vaporised and then placed over a hot catalyst (silica, aluminium or zeolite) in industrial cracking
52
What are the 2 methods of cracking?
Catalytic cracking Steam cracking
53
What is catalytic cracking?
Catalytic cracking is the process of cracking large hydrocarbons of alkanes into lower molecular weights through the use of a catalyst
54
What is steam cracking?
A long chain alkane is heated to a high temp and mized with steam to make shorter chain molecules
55
Is cracking endothermic or exothermic?
Endothermic
56
Why is cracking important?
Long chain alkanes are converted into more useful shorter chain alkanes and alkenes which are in higher demand - they ignite easily making them more useful as fuels - useful for making polymers
57
What are addition polymers?
Polymers made from lots of monomers joined together
58
What polymer will many monomers of ethene form?
Poly (ethene) or more commonly, polythene
59
What are the conditions of addition polymerisation?
High temp Catalyst
60
What is a repeating unit?
A part of a polymer that would complete a polymer molecule if many of them were joined end to end
61
What monomers are DNA made of?
Nucleotides
62
What are the nucleotides of DNA?
Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine
63
What does DNA consist of?
A nitrogen base Sugar Phosphate group
64
what forces are between the double helix of DNA?
Hydrogen bonds
65
How many hydrogen bonds are between A and T?
2 bonds
66
How many hydrogen bonds are between C and G?
3 bonds
67
What monomers are proteins made of?
Amino acids
68
What are the monomers of carbohydrates?
Simple sugars Complex Carboydrates
69
What are condensation polymers?
Polymers that form by the elimination of a small molecule (normally water) when pairs of monomer molecules join together
70
What is an ester?
COO functional group
71
How do you make an ester?
Alcohol + carboxylic acid —> ester + water
72
What catalyst do ester formations require?
Heat and sulfuric acid catalyst
73
Until when do chemical cels produce electricity?
Until the cell goes flat and can no longer provide a potential difference
74
What are fuel cells?
Produces a voltage continuously as long as they’re supplied with fuel and oxygen
75
What needs to happen to the filter paper in making electricity by electrolysis?
Filter paper needs to be soaked in salt to make a salt bridge
76
What should the metal electrode be the same as?
The metal ion in the salt solution
77
What is the fuel cell reaction at the anode?
2H2 (g) —> 4H+ (aq) + 4e-
78
What is the fuel cell reaction at the cathode?
4H+ (aq) + O2 (g) + 4e- —> 2H2O (g)

Chemistry GCSE (17 decks)

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