Ca2+ nutrition around the world

Question 1

where is most calcium stored in body?

Answer 1

in bones + teeth as calcium hydroxyapatite

Question 2

what nutrients are involved in making bones strong?

Answer 2

calcium, vit D, vit K. some say minimize animal protein bc it leaches Ca2+ from the bones to neutralize it’s acidity.

Question 3

source of vit d?

Answer 3

diet, supplements, sunshine.

–> without, causes rickets + poorly mineralized bones.

Question 4

vit k = source? helpful for what in bone?

Answer 4

brocolli, brussel sprouts, romain lettuce. important for bone integrity.

Question 5

what’s a non-food factor important in healthy bones?

Answer 5

weight-bearing exercise

Question 6

what is RDA?

Answer 6

recommended dietary allowance.
- average daily dietary intake level ,sufficient to meet nutrient requirement of nearly all healthy individuals in life-stage + gender group.

Question 7

RDAs = Calcium in Canada

Answer 7

Canada: 1000 mg - 4-8yoa. 1300mg 9-18 yoa, 1000 mg 19-50 yoa.

Question 8

do canadian adult males meet dail requirement? canadian adult females?

Answer 8

males yes @ 1100 mg/day. females no ! 867mg/day

Question 9

India RDA for calcium

Answer 9

600mg - 1-9yoa. 800 mg 10-17yoa. 600mg adults

Question 10

Japan RDA for calcium

• • mean intake?
• • deficient? bone density loss?

Answer 10

650mg F 15-29 yoa. 800mg M 15-29 yoa
- mean intake: 550mg/day.
unlikely that deficient bc high vit d = eat green leafy veg, lots of sun + lots of fish. makes up for it. As well, phystoestrogens found in soy beans. protective in similar way as estrogen.

Question 11

health canada food recommendations for calcium

• > servings?
• > why alternatives recommended?

Answer 11

milk (alternatives + products), fish with soft bones that are eaten, dark green veg (high vit K + calcium. oxalates in veg bind to calcium = lower bioavail. but still some Ca2+.

• > servings = adults 2-3; youth 3-4.
• > alternatives for vegan, lactose intolerant + milk allergies

Question 12

India food recommendation for Ca

Answer 12

milk, milk curd, nuts, millet, sesame seed + green leafy veg.
– mostly hindu in india => “pure” to drink cow’s milk. poor dont drink much tho bc expensive

Question 13

Japanese food recommendation for Ca

Answer 13

milk, green/yellow veg, beans, small fish

Question 14

calcium content depends on ?

Answer 14

species/breed.
cow vs milk will change [ca].
method of production, how foods are cooked, variations btw recipes of brands

Question 15

cow vs water buffalo milk

Answer 15

both ruminants. cow = large quantities of milk; fat content similar to human milk.
water buffalo - major in india. fat content higher than human milk.

Question 16

goat + sheep vs cow milk

– allergy?

Answer 16

g+s = less lactose.
sheep = 2x fat content of cow’s milk.
–> allergy to cow milk may also be allergic to goat and sheep

Question 17

camel, yak - where consumed?

Answer 17

camel - middle east.

yak - himalayas + tibet

Question 18

Reindeer + horse - where consumed?

Answer 18

R = nomads of Scandinavia. high fat content - energetically dense

H=mongolia, kasakhstan, kyrgyzstan. sometimes fermented to alcohol

Question 19

calcium , lactose, vit D in 1 serving of milk? lactase non-persistent eat?

Answer 19

300mg ca; 12 g lactose; 100 IU vit D. lactase non-persist should be ok with one glass of milk.

Question 20

lactose in icecream? yogurt? cottage chz? swiss chz?

Answer 20

IC =12 g; Y = 5 g; Cchz = 2-3 g; schz = 1g

Question 21

calcium from milk and dairy - how?

Answer 21

mostly bc dairy products added to a lot of foods. pizza, lasagna, dairy desserts.

Question 22

are dairy fats good for you? - longitudinal study of fatty acids assoc w dairy consumption
+/-

Answer 22

• 22year. no assoc w coronary heart disease, stroke + dairy fatty acids.
  +: longitudinal study. biomarker in blood reduc reporting eror
  -: specific food eaten may have effect on health. salt in chz maybe related? also no control group of ppl who had 0 dairy in diet

Question 23

are dairy fats good for you? 3 cohorts in US. longitudinal

Answer 23

replace 5% of energy from dairy fat with polyunsaturated fatty acids = lower risk of cardiovascular disease.

Question 24

environmental impacts on dairy consumption?

Answer 24

there are some. methane from cows.

Question 25

non-dairy sources of calcium

Answer 25

brocolli, almonds, flax, kale, sesame seeds

Question 26

calcium in soy?

Answer 26

300mg per 1 cup. = fortified like milk

Question 27

calcium in tofu?

Answer 27

234mg/150 g of tofu. | precipitate (calcium sulphate) to coagulate tofu protein.

Question 28

canada: non-dairy calcium foods.

Answer 28

dark-green leafy veg. calcium coagulated tofu, fish w soft edible bones, sea veg (ie kelp) seeds + nuts

Question 29

canada: non-dairy "milk"

Answer 29

soy, almonds, cashew, coconut, hemp, oat etc. added Ca2+ and Vit D. only soy in Canada food guide

Question 30

asia: non-dairy Ca2+ source

Answer 30

whole, small fish. seaweed, tofu.

Question 31

mexico + central america: non-dairy ca2+ source

Answer 31

corn boiled/soaked in lime-water solution. then ground into masa = tortilla dough

Question 32

europe: non-dairy ca2+ source

Answer 32

mineral water. | 25% of ca2+ intake.

Question 33

insect nutritional values

Answer 33

crickets, grasshopper, ant, worm pupa, beef, fish insect < meat in protein. > in fat, calcium and iron

Question 34

function of vitD in body?

Answer 34

required for Ca2+ absorption in gut.

Question 35

vitD deficiency?

Answer 35

rickets, osteomalacia, tooth enamel defects. | suspected effect: asthma, autoimmune (arthritis, MS), diabetes + cancer

Question 36

maternal vitD + fetal development

Answer 36

developing fetus needs 25(oh)d (prehormone) for skeletal development, tooth enamel formation

Question 37

what is 25(oh)d?

Answer 37

calcifediol - prehormone of active VitD. hydroxylated vitD3.

Question 38

what is rickets?

Answer 38

poorly mineralized bone | -leading to fractures + deformity. predominantly due to vit D deficiency

Question 39

what is enamel hypoplasia? | 1-ary teeth growth? permanent tooth growth?

Answer 39

teeth not developed properly if low VitD, Ca2+. enamel = hard but thin + deficient. primary teeth begin to develop btw 6-8 weeks permanent teeth in 20th week

Question 40

RDA for vit D - types of VitD?

Answer 40

1 ug = 40 IU. 1-70 yoa = 600Iu (15ug) >71yoa = 800 IU (20 ug) RDA based on minimal exposure to ensure adequate levels reached D2 = ergocalciferol; D3 = cholecalciferol. RDA includes both.

Question 41

Health Canada - supplements. who?

Answer 41

breastfed infants. (400IU/10ug) older than 50YOA (400IU/10ug) at-risk: high pigment, low sun exposure.

Question 42

Canadian Cancer society - vit D recommendation

Answer 42

bc northern latitude, consider 1000IU/day.

Question 43

canada food guide to get enough VitD

Answer 43

2 cups milk per day. | >50yoa = supplement 10ug/400IU

Question 44

dietary sources of vit D- vary how/why?

Answer 44

animal feed, supplementation, sunlight, seasons impact vit D content in milk, dairy, meat, fish + eggs

Question 45

dietary sources of vit D

Answer 45

D3 (cholecalciferol) - fatty fish, egg yolk, organ meat, red meat

Question 46

fortified sources of vit D

Answer 46

cow's milk + margarine = mandatory in CA cheese, yogurt, alternate milks, juices - permitted to be fortified. soy MUST have ca2+ and vitD comparable to cow milk.

Question 47

serving size + vitD of fortified milk, soy bev, margarine

Answer 47

milk: 1 cup = 100IU soy: 1 cup = 100IU margarine: 2 tsp =50IU

Question 48

vit D intake in CA

Answer 48

milk = 49% of vitD intake. meat 2nd place.

Question 49

mushroom + vit D | - type of vit?

Answer 49

source of ergosterol = vitD1. inactive. precursor to vitD2 (ergocalciferol). like in humans, UV radiation allow synthesis of vitD2 from vitd1. expose mushroom to UV to increase VitD intake vitd2 not fully active tho

Question 50

asia - shiitake mushroom

Answer 50

dried, preserved. sun-drying enhances umami. transforms D1 -> D2

Question 51

groups at risk for vitD deficiency

Answer 51

darker skin, northern aboriginal - darker skin, longer winter. light skin who avoid sun, religious dress, refugee from middle east, breastfed infant, elderly.

Question 52

rickets - nutrition transition effect on aboriginal

Answer 52

92/104 cases were FN, inuit, middle eastern. intermediate/dark skin.

Question 53

hhuman skin colour& vitD scale?

Answer 53

``` varies - dominant pigment = melanin. responds to solar radiation to protect skin. -> vitD3 synthesized when skin exposed to UVB. darker skin = less vitD made Fitzpatrick. class I (very light) - VI(v dark) ```

Question 54

vitD natural selection hypothesis

Answer 54

northern latitudes = genetic selection for lighter skin = UV rays efficiently produce vitD from sun. equatorial = darker skin to protect fro cancer

Question 55

why do inuit poplns haave darker skin?

Answer 55

1. descendants of asian poplns. not enough time for natural selection to change skin colour. lots of vitD in fatty marine mammals. no vitD synthesized by skin bc of this.

Question 56

vitD supplements for?

Answer 56

ppale and very dark skinned. pale = not enough time in sun before burn. dark= not enough uvb penetration into skin to produce vitD