Calcium

Question 1

What are the symptoms of calcium toxicity?

Answer 1

Fatigue, hallucinations, constipation, kidney stones, calcium deposits in soft tissue.

Question 2

What are the causes of calcium toxicity?

Answer 2

High dairy or supplement intake (including calcium-containing antacids), hyperparathyroidism, bone cancer, sarcoidosis, TB

Question 3

Which form is calcium absorbed in?

Answer 3

Calcium ion

Question 4

Where is calbindin 28k located in vivo?

Answer 4

Kidneys

Question 5

What is a clinical indicator of a calcium deficiency?

Answer 5

Tetany

Question 6

What can blood calcium levels be used to diagnose?

Answer 6

Calcium toxicity

Question 7

What is the second most abundant mineral in the body?

Answer 7

Phosphorus 85% in skeleton

Question 8

How much of dietary phosphorus is absorbed?

Answer 8

80%

Question 9

What enzyme functions does phosphorus mediate?

Answer 9

Phosphoproteins turn enzymes on or off by phosphorylation (covalent modification)

Question 10

What role does phosphorus play in acid-base balance?

Answer 10

Phosphate is main intracellular buffer with acid-base balance

Question 11

What good sources are good for phosphorus?

Answer 11

Meat, poultry, fish, eggs

Question 12

What are exellent sources for phosphurs?

Answer 12

See notes

Question 13

Who is at risk for phosphorus deficiency?

Answer 13

Alcoholics
Those with renal or liver disease
Consumption of large doses of antacids
Malnourished patients being refed by TPN

Question 14

What are some tell tell signs of phosphorus toxicity?

Answer 14

Hypocalcemia and tetany

Question 15

what happens physiologically with nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism (high phosphate intake)?

Answer 15

Hypocalcemia -> parathyroid glad stimulation -> increased PTH -> Increased Ca efflux to restore plasma Ca. Increased bone loss

Question 16

What is the 4th most abundant mineral in the body?

Answer 16

Mg. 54% in skeleton

Question 17

70% of Mg is found where? 30% of Mg is found where?

Answer 17

70% crystal lattice. 30% amorphous structure

Question 18

What is the cofactor form of Mg?

Answer 18

Metalloenzyme

Question 19

What does Mg do to ATP?

Answer 19

Stabalizes ATP

Question 20

What does Mg do for muscles?

Answer 20

Muscle relaxtion (calcium channel blocker). 
Used to stop pre-term labor

Question 21

What does Mg do concerning PTH secretion and vitamin D?

Answer 21

Required for PTH secretion (too much inhibit PTH)

Required for vitamin D activation

Question 22

T/F

Mg is found in plant products more than animal

Answer 22

True

Question 23

What are good sources of Mg?

Answer 23

Seeds
Nuts
Grains
legumes
Dark green leafy veggies

Question 24

What are some moderate sources of Mg

Answer 24

Milk

Tofu prepared by Mg precipitation

Question 25

What are some symptoms of Mg deficiency?

Answer 25

Nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness, tremors, personality changes, tetany (hypocalcemia and hypokalemia usually precede)

Question 26

What patient base is moderate Mg depletion found in?

Answer 26

Elderly

Question 27

What patient base is known to have acute Mg depletion?

Answer 27

Renal disease, malabs, hyperthyroidism, pancreatitis, protein insufficiency, diabetics, PTH disorders

Question 28

Who is at risk for Mg toxicity?

Answer 28

Patients with kidney disease

Question 29

What are some symptoms of Mg toxicity?

Answer 29

Diarrhea, nausea, flushing, slurred speech, migraine.