Pantothenic Acid/Pyridoxine/Biotin/Folate

Question 1

What two molecules make up pantothenic acid?

Answer 1

Beta-alanine

Pantoic acid

Question 2

What important metabolic pathway intermediates is pantothenic acid apart of?

Answer 2

CoA

Acyl carrier protein (ACP)

Question 3

What are several sources of Pantothenic acid?

Answer 3

Meats
Poultry
Egg yolk
Legumes
Whole grains
Potatoes
Broccoli
Mushrooms
Avacados

Question 4

What condition is associated with B5 deficiency?

Answer 4

Burning feet syndrome (numb toes, burning of feet, depression, fatigue, insomnia and weakness).

Question 5

How common is burning feet syndrome?

Answer 5

Rare

Question 6

What is the toxicity limit for B5?

Answer 6

None

Question 7

What larger compound is Biotic (B7) apart of?

Answer 7

Biocytin: Biotin + Lysine

Question 8

What is the noncoenzyme role of biotin?`

Answer 8

Transcription of several enzymes

Question 9

What is the coenzymatic function of Biotic?

Answer 9

Bound to several carboxylases

Question 10

Biotin is very important to what metabolic pathway?

Answer 10

Fatty acid synthesis (the committed step).

Question 11

What is the biotin RDA?

Answer 11

30 mg for adults

Question 12

What are the sources of Biotin (B7)

Answer 12

Bacteria in LI 
Widely distributed in foods
Peanuts
Almonds
Soy
Eggs
Dairy
Sweet potatoes

Question 13

What metabolic considerations should one take into account when getting their B7 from eggs?

Answer 13

Avidin in raw egg whites is a biotic chelator - will bind and prevent absorption

Question 14

T/F

Biotin deficiency is one of the more common B-vitamin deficiencies

Answer 14

False

Rare

Question 15

What are some symptoms associated with biotin deficiecy?

Answer 15

Dermatitis, glossitis, anorexia, depression, hepatic steatosis, hypercholesterolemia

Question 16

50-80% of pregnant women have marginal biotin deficiency which can lead to what complications?

Answer 16

birth defects or abnormal metabolism

Question 17

What is the toxicity for Biotin?

Answer 17

None

Question 18

Which B-vitamin is NOT involved in pyruvate -> acetyl CoA?

Answer 18

Biotin (turns pyruvate into oxaloacetate)

Question 19

Which vitamin is not involved in the ETS

Answer 19

Vitamin C

Question 20

Niacin synthesis requires…?

Answer 20

B2, B6

Question 21

Glossitis with a magenta tongue is a clinical indication of what deficiency?

Answer 21

Riboflavin

Question 22

NAD is a coenzyme for which class of enzymes?

Answer 22

Dehydrogenase

Question 23

Which vitamin is NOT involved in beta-oxidation of even numbered fatty acids?

Answer 23

Biotin

Question 24

Pantothenic acid is involved in fatty acid synthesis as part of…

Answer 24

Acyl carrier protein

Question 25

Meats are not a good source of which B vitamin?

Answer 25

Biotin

Question 26

What are the functions of pyridoxine (B6)

Answer 26

Coenzyme (PLP) Required for amino acid and glycogen metabolism Required for synthesis of heme, sphingolipids in myelin sheath, steroids, niacin, neurotransmitters (Serotonin, epinephrine, NE, GABA), and histidine.

Question 27

What is the RDA for B6?

Answer 27

Aduts (19-50) = 1.3 mg Men (>51) = 1.7 mg Women (>51) = 1.5 mg

Question 28

What are the sources of B6?

Answer 28

``` Meats Whole grain wheat Veggies Nuts Fortified cereal ```

Question 29

Which source makes for a higher bioavailablity for B6, animal or plant?

Answer 29

Animal

Question 30

How common is Vitamin B6 deficiency

Answer 30

Rare

Question 31

What are the signs of B6 deficiency?

Answer 31

Glossitis, cheilosis, stomatitis, fatigue, peripheral neuropathy, epileptic seizures

Question 32

Who is at risk for a B6 deficiency

Answer 32

Patients on corticosteroids, anticonvulsants, penicillin and isoniazid (TB meds) Celiacs disease Renal disease

Question 33

What is the tolerable upper intake of B6?

Answer 33

100 mg/day

Question 34

What are some side effects of B6 toxicity?

Answer 34

Sensory and peripheral neuropathy, degeneration of DRG and sensory nerve fibers, demyelination.

Question 35

What does "folate" mean?

Answer 35

Leaf

Question 36

Folate (B9) or aka...

Answer 36

Pteroylmonoglutamic acid

Question 37

What 3 molecules make up folate?

Answer 37

Glutamte, Pteridine, PABA

Question 38

T/F Folic acid (reduced form in supplements) does not need to be digested

Answer 38

True

Question 39

Folate contains glutamic acid residues in the brush border which are removed by...

Answer 39

Conjugase (Zn dependant enzyme. Pac man character) Turns folate polyglutamate into folate monoglutamate

Question 40

What are some conjugase inhibitors (affecting folate)

Answer 40

Legumes, oranges, cabbage, chronic alcohol consumption

Question 41

Where is 80% of folate absorbed?

Answer 41

SI

Question 42

Folate (folate monoglutamate) is reduced in the enterocyte to what?

Answer 42

THF tetrahydrofolate

Question 43

After becoming THF where does folate go?

Answer 43

To the liver bound to folate binding protein in plasma.

Question 44

After the liver where does folate go?

Answer 44

To the blood where 50% then goes back to the liver for storage, and the remaining goes to cytoplasm and mitochondria of cells

Question 45

What are the 4 functions of Folate?

Answer 45

Donor and acceptor in 1 carbor metabolism (CH3) DNA synthesis and repair Formation of RBC & WBC AA metabolism: histidine to glutamate. Homocystein to methionine (along with B12)

Question 46

What two functions of folate are important in embryogensis?

Answer 46

DNA synthesis and repair | Formation of RBC & WBC

Question 47

What happens to folate metabolically without B12?

Answer 47

Without B12 THF cannot be regenerated and folate is trapped as 5-methyl THF (called methyl-folate trap)

Question 48

What is the RDA for folate?

Answer 48

Adults = 400 micrograms

Question 49

What are sources of folate?

Answer 49

``` Dark green leafy veggies mushrooms liver legumes fortified cereals orange juice ```

Question 50

50-90% of folate is lost during what processes?

Answer 50

Cooking, storage.

Question 51

What kind of anemia develops from a folate deficiency?

Answer 51

Megaloblastic anemia

Question 52

T/F Megaloblatic anemia is common in the US?

Answer 52

True

Question 53

What happens to RBCs in megaloblastic anemia

Answer 53

Large RBC due to inadequate DNA synthesis

Question 54

What other deficiency is megaloblasic anemia found in?

Answer 54

B12 deficiency

Question 55

How long can one be deficient in folate before megaloblastic anemia shows up?

Answer 55

1 month low folate diet

Question 56

What are some symptoms that come along with megaloblastic anemia?

Answer 56

Fatigue, headaches, difficulty concentrating, shortness of breath, palpitation

Question 57

What neural tube defects are associated with folate deficiency?

Answer 57

Spina bifida, anencephaly

Question 58

How effective is folate supplementation in prevent neural tube defects?

Answer 58

>70% !!!

Question 59

T/F Folate reduces cancer risk

Answer 59

True.

Question 60

Where is folate most effective dose wise in reducing cancer?

Answer 60

Right in the middle, optimal range.

Question 61

What nutritent-gene interaction is Folate important in?

Answer 61

Patients with the 677TT polymorphism have increased risk of breast and esophageal cancer, migraines, heart disease, infertility and miscarriages, fx. Need more folate in diet (prefereably) and possibly more riboflavin and niacine

Question 62

What is the tolerable upper intake for folate?

Answer 62

1 mg

Question 63

What two things can high doses of folate do?

Answer 63

Mask a B12 deficiency | Bind with zinc in the GI tracts, causing a zinc deficiency