CALORIE RESTRICTION

Question 1

History of research on calorie restriction

Answer 1

Calorie restriction study in the 70s (earliest 30s)
Intermittent fasting more recent (2000s)

Question 2

Transcriptional and epigenetic changes from calorie restriction

Answer 2

Proteomic, metabolomic and gut microbiota changes
* reduced accumulation of molecular/cellular damage

Question 3

Bariatric surgery is most effective at reducing what comorbidities?

Answer 3

CHD and hypertension
* surgery is PERMANENT

Question 4

Cost of calorie restriction interventions

Answer 4

None of the diet and weight management plans are as costly as surgery

Question 5

VLED gender bias

Answer 5

Saw significant impact in females, not in males

Question 6

VLED in youth

Answer 6

Harder to implement
* Neg effect on development
* Social aspects
* Not enjoy food change
* Costs

Question 7

HbA(1c)

Answer 7

Glycation of hemoglobin A in RBC
* Common measure of glucose control for last 3 months (> 6.5% diagnostic)
* correlate with blood glucose

Question 8

Is there weight gain after calorie restriction?

Answer 8

Yes!
Increase in HbA(1c)

Question 9

Are high protein diets effective?

Answer 9

Stable for 26 weeks
* good at supressing appetite
* BUT weight gain still seen after

Question 10

What are the benefits of different animal models?

Answer 10

1. Non-human primate - similar gene/metabolic, dangerous, costly
2. Large animals - physiological similarities, costly
3. Non-mammalian - short life, genome library, BUT distinct physiology + anat
4. Rodent - cost effective, numerous models of T2DM and obesity

Question 11

What are some limitations to rodent models?

Answer 11

1. Pancreatic islet arch. is distinct
2. Monogenic models not representative of human disease
3. Large caecum and diff. SI anat
4. Lifespan ~2 years

Question 12

Leptin model of obesity in mice

Answer 12

Mutation in leptin
* Normal: more adipose > more leptin secretion to inhibt food intake
* Extreme obesity from young age
* Uncontrolled appetite
* Synthetic leptin effective in obese people ONLY

Question 13

1935 Calorie Restriction in Rats

Answer 13

30% extension of lifespan

Question 14

2009 Calorie Restriction in Monkeys

Answer 14

30% calorie restricted
* Calorie restricted looks healthier and younger
* Less age-related dieases

Question 15

Problem with Ad Libitum in the lab

Answer 15

Being able to eat all the time is unnatural for mice
* may suggest overeating in this group as opposed to being a control

Question 16

If the food was given all at once?

Answer 16

Consumed at once
* Then fasting for the rest of the period
* Time-restricted or intermittent??

Question 17

What is required for the lifepsan effects of CR?

Answer 17

Fasting periods
* (AL) diluting food with cellulose did not see the same effect as CR