cancer

Question 1

anaplasia

Answer 1

loss of function in cells
malignant tumors

Question 2

apoptosis

Answer 2

cell programmed cell death

Question 3

cancer

Answer 3

disorder of altered cell differentiation and growth

Question 4

neoplasm

Answer 4

new growth arising from neoplasia
may be benign or malignant

Question 5

proliferation

Answer 5

process of cell division
adaptive for replacement and need

Question 6

differentiation

Answer 6

process of specialization

Question 7

benign neoplasm (differentiation, counterpart, resemblance, ability to control proliferation)

Answer 7

well differentiated, resembles counterpart, lost control proliferation

Question 8

malignant neoplasms (differentiation, counterpart resemblance, ability to control proliferation)

Answer 8

less differentiated, lost ability to control cell proliferation and differentiation

Question 9

parenchymal cells

Answer 9

stem cells
determine behavior and type of cell

Question 10

connective tissue forms

Answer 10

framework
extracellular matrix, blood vessels, bones

Question 11

Benign tumors (differentiation, encapsulation, cellular recognition, cellular adhesion, how it looks, intracellular communication, growth speed, does it spread, does it destroy surrounding tissue, does it reoccur, rate of mitosis, how does it die)

Answer 11

Well differentiated, encapsulated, cellular recognition, normal cell adhesion, often solid, smooth, normal blood supply, may bleed if irritated, good communication, faster than normal but slower than malignant), doesn’t spread, doesn’t destroy surrounding tissue but can cause pressure or blockage as it gets bigger, doesn’t reoccur if removed, controlled rate of mitosis, apoptosis)

Question 12

malignant tumor ((differentiation, encapsulation, cellular recognition, cellular adhesion, how it looks, intracellular communication, growth speed, does it spread, does it destroy surrounding tissue, does it reoccur, rate of mitosis)

Answer 12

Anaplasia, rarely encapsulated, poor cellular recognition, inadequate cellular adhesion causing tissue friability (bleeds more easily), develop projections and pseudopodia (arm on the main tumor), poor intracellular communication, rapid, uncontrolled growth, autonomy: autocrine stimulation allows metastasis, tissue plasmin activator causes destruction of normal tissue to allow for malignant cells, often recurs, or new cancers develop

Question 13

adenoma

Answer 13

benign epithelial neoplasm of glandular tissue

Question 14

fibroma

Answer 14

benign tumor of fibrous tissue

Question 15

adenocarcinoma

Answer 15

malignant tumor of glandular tissue

Question 16

squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 16

malignant tumor of squamous tissue

Question 17

sarcoma

Answer 17

stem cell malignant cancer

Question 18

polyps benign or malignant

Answer 18

Benign

Question 19

precursor to adenomatous polyp

Answer 19

adenocarcinoma of the colon

Question 20

metaplasia

Answer 20

when theres a different type of cell in the wrong place in response to injury
normal cell to normal cell
indication of cancer, but not substantial

Question 21

dysplasia

Answer 21

abnormal changes in size, shape, organization of cells
abnormal cell to normal cell
higher indication of cancer, but not definite

Question 22

neoplasia

Answer 22

new growth, usually a tumor

Question 23

which suffix is malignant cancer

Answer 23

carcinoma

Question 24

which ending is not cancer

Answer 24

oma (except sarcoma)

Question 25

spread of cancer

Answer 25

direct invasion seeding metastatic spread through lymph or vascularization

Question 26

qualifications to metastify through lymphatic or vascular

Answer 26

break from tumor invade surrounding extracellular matrix gain access to blood vessel survive transport through blood vessel invade surrounding tissue

Question 27

hormone therapy and cancer relation

Answer 27

Giving estrogen or testosterone or puberty blockers (gonadotropin) increased risk at high exposure

Question 28

monoclonal origin

Answer 28

spontaneous mutations during mitosis

Question 29

oncogenes

Answer 29

mutations in gametes that pass through generation

Question 30

oncogenic pathogens

Answer 30

virus, leukemia, lymphoma, HPV, Kaposi sarcoma, herpes virus

Question 31

chronic inflammation

Answer 31

promotes increase in growth factors stimulates cell changes asbestos alcohol, ulcerative colitis

Question 32

BRCA-1 and BRCA -2

Answer 32

autosomal dominant gene for breast cancer, increases risk for ovaria, pancreatic, colon, and other cancers

Question 33

obesity relation to cancer

Answer 33

multifactorial insulin resistance and increase in pancreatic insulin increases risk

Question 34

CAUTION cancer signs

Answer 34

Change in bowel habits A lesion that doesn't heal Unusual blood or discharge Thickening or lump anywhere Indigestion or difficulty swallowing Obvious change in a mole or wart Nagging cough or hoarseness

Question 35

Abdominal cancer

Answer 35

bowel obstruction, ulcers, necrosis, hemorrhage, frank bleeding

Question 36

Pleura effusion

Answer 36

impaired lymph flow buildup of fluid between the layers of tissue that line the lungs and chest cavity.

Question 37

abdominal bloating

Answer 37

increased girth feeling of heaviness ascites- common in ovarian cancer 65% of women

Question 38

anemia happening because cancer

Answer 38

due to bleeding and or reduced RBC production in bone marrow

Question 39

vascular thrombosis

Answer 39

abnormal amount of coagulation factors and obstruction in the veins

Question 40

cachexia

Answer 40

tissue wasting hypermetabolism and inflammatory factors

Question 41

hypercalcemia and bone pain

Answer 41

bone damage hormone dysregulation (pathologic fracture)

Question 42

screening in colon and skin cancer in men and women

Answer 42

occult stool sample yearly after 40 colonoscopy at 50 and every 5-10 years self skin eval monthly and yearly by HCP

Question 43

screening in colon and skin cancer in men and women

Answer 43

occult stool sample yearly after 40 colonoscopy at 50 and every 5-10 years self skin eval monthly and yearly by HCP

Question 44

screening in breast, ovarian cancer

Answer 44

anual pap at 18 or after having sex, after 2 neg tests go every year until after menopause monthly self breast exam and yearly mammo baseline mammo at 35, yearly after 40

Question 45

screening for prostate and testicular cancer

Answer 45

self testicular exam at the beginning of puberty, HCP yearly Digital prostate exam yearly after 40 Blood test yearly after 50, 40 African American men

Question 46

seeding vs distant metastisis

Answer 46

seeding goes into surrounding tissue or cavity distant are transported through organs through veins

Question 47

whats needed for a cancer diagnosis

Answer 47

biopsy of the area because just because its in the lung doesnt mean its lung cancer

Question 48

immunochemistry

Answer 48

detects specific antigens or things with significance in the tissue to find origin of metastatic tumors

Question 49

microarray technology

Answer 49

analyzes large number of molecule changes

Question 50

gene chips

Answer 50

miniture ingredient test to detect and quantify expression of genes tumor types prognosis if treatment is working

Question 51

TNM system T

Answer 51

T0 no tumor T1 less than 2 cm T2 tumor between 2-5 T3 larger than 5cm, invasion

Question 52

TNM system N

Answer 52

N0 no nodes involved N1 mobile nodes are involved N2 fixed nodes are involved

Question 53

TNM system M

Answer 53

M0 no metastasis M1 demonstrable metastasis M2 suspected metastasis

Question 54

what can happen if multiple lymph nodes are involved in the cancer

Answer 54

lymph edema