immunity

Question 1

immunity

Answer 1

protection from a disease

Question 2

immune response

Answer 2

coordinated response of cells and molecules of the immune system

Question 3

innate immunity

Answer 3

natural immunity, early rapid response developed by secretion of mediators
opsonins: tag microorganisms for more efficient recognition
cytokinin: regulate activity of other cells, amplify inflammation, initiation of the adaptive immune response
phagocytic lymphocytes: early response followed by macrophages
dendrites: from bone marrow, link innate and adaptive
nk cells: recognize infected and stressed cells respond by killing cells

Question 4

adaptive immunity

Answer 4

specific or acquired immunity, less rapid but more effective
focused response to specific foreign agent
distinguishes between microbes and molecules to remember pathogens quickly and produces a heightened immune response on subsequent encounters with the same agent
composed of lymphocytes and their products
humoral and cell mediated immunity

Question 5

macrophages

Answer 5

mature form of monocytes, located in most tissues, engulf and kill invading organisms, dispose of pathogens and infected cells, antigen-presenting cells for adaptive immunity (long lived)

Question 6

granulocyte

Answer 6

short lived
neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

Question 7

lymphocytes

Answer 7

b lymphocytes produce antibodies, mediate humoral immunity
t cell lymphocytes cell mediated immunity
T helper cells: help b lymphocytes produce antibodies

Question 8

central lymphoid tissue

Answer 8

bone marrow, thymus- immune cell production and maturation

Question 9

peripheral lymphoid tissue

Answer 9

lymph nodes:
remove lymph, filter foreign material before it goes back to the blood, and center for proliferation and response of immune cells

Question 10

spleen

Answer 10

left abdominal cavity, filters antigens from the blood, important in response to systemic infections

Question 11

innate immune system consists of

Answer 11

epithelial layer: physical and chemical barriers between internal and external environments- epidermis, keratin, salty acidic environment, antibacterial proteins
phagocytic neutrophils
macrophages
dendritic cells

Question 12

complement system

Answer 12

primary effector system for innate and adaptive systems
consists of protein activated microbed and promote inflammation and destruction of microbes

Question 13

classical pathway of microbe recongition

Answer 13

adaptive immunity, recognizes antibody bound to surface of microbe or structure

Question 14

lecitin pathway of microbe recognition

Answer 14

innate pathway uses plasma protein (mannose binding ligand) binds to residue

Question 15

alternate pathway of microbe recognition

Answer 15

innate pathway, recognizes certain microbial molecules

Question 16

lining of the respiratory, GU, and GI tracts

Answer 16

Mucus traps and washes away microorganisms
cillia: move microbes trapped in mucus to throat where it is coughed or sneezed out

Question 17

antigens (adapative immunity)

Answer 17

aka immunogens stimulate an immune response
Ex: bacteria, fungi, virus, protozoa, parasites
Non microbial antigens: pollen, poison ivy, insect venom, transplanted organs
recognized by receptors on immune cells and cause antibodies to be formed

Question 18

t lymphocytes

Answer 18

Helper t cells: trigger immune response and are essential for differentiation of b cells into antibody producing cells
Regulatory T cells
Cytotoxic t cells

Question 19

antigen presenting cells

Answer 19

macrphages and dendritic cells that process and present antigen peptides to helper t cells

Question 20

cell surface major histocompatibility complex molecules (MHC)

Answer 20

key recognition molecules the immune system uses to distinguish self from nonself
Class one: present in all nucleated cells other than those of the immune system, interact with CD8+ T cells in the destruction of cells affected by intracellular pathogens or cancer
Class two: found on antigen presenting cells and b lymphocytes, aid in cell communication

Question 21

Humoral immunity (adaptive immunity)

Answer 21

protection from b lymphocytes: eliminates extracellular microbes and microbial toxins
primary tissue response: antigen first introduced into the body
latent period before detection of the antibody
activation takes one to two weeks but can be several weeks before it is detectable
secondary (memory response): occurs on second or subsequent exposure to antigen. rise in antibodies and occurs quicker due to memory cells. Ex: booster shots

Question 22

immunoglobulins

Answer 22

IgG: placenta
Ig A: breast milk
IgM
IgD
IgE: allergies

Question 23

passive immunity

Answer 23

immunity transferred through another source
Ex: crosses placenta in mother baby in utero or through breastmilk, transferred from other period or animals

Question 24

self regulation of the immune response

Answer 24

inadequate response can lead to immunodeficiency
excessive or inappropriate response can lead to allergic reactions or autoimmune disease
tolerance: inhibition of an immune response, non reactive to self antigens while producing immunity to foreign agents, can lead to inability to respond to infectious agents

Question 25

newborns

Answer 25

protected by maternal antigens (IgG and IgA), a lot of IgG crosses in the last few weeks of pregnancy which makes preemie babies so immunodeficiency, HIV moms will pass HIV antibodies to baby, but may not transfer virus

Question 26

aging

Answer 26

elderly have changes in immune response and are more susceptible to infections more autoimmune and immune complex disorders higher incidence of cancer and less response to vaccines

Question 27

Hypersensitivity disorders

Answer 27

Disorders caused by immune response type one: immediate hypersensitivity disorders: IgE mediated, begin rapidly, allergic reactions, cytokinins secreted differentiate B cells into IgE which act as growth factors for mast cells and activate eosinophils Primary or immediate phase response, vasodilation, vascular leakage, smooth muscle contraction Secondary or late phase: intense infiltration of tissues with eosinophils and other acute or inflammatory cells, epithelial cell damage, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins produce response type two: antibody mediated disorders Type three: immune complex mediated disorders type four: cell mediated disorders

Question 28

type one hypersensitivity: anaphylactic reaction

Answer 28

Life threatening- can occur within minutes of exposure Characterized by widespread edema, difficulty breathing, vascular shock secondary to vasodilation Results from antigen introduced by injection- insect sting, or absorption across skin, GI mucosa Level of severity depends on level of sensitization Treatment- airway, IV, epinephrine- relaxes bronchoconstriction, increases BP Pt should have epi-pen, family members should be trained, medi-alert bracelet

Question 29

Type I Hypersensitivity: Local (Atopic) Reactions

Answer 29

Confined to specific site by exposure Atopic-genetically determined hypersensitivity to common allergens Mediated by igE- mast cell reaction Most common disorders- hives, allergic rhinitis (hayfever), atopic dermatitis, food allergies and some forms of asthma

Question 30

Type I Hypersensitivity: Allergic Rhinitis

Answer 30

Characterized by sneezing, itching, and watery discharge from nose and eyes (rhinoconjunctivitis), can also be associated with sinusitis and bronchial asthma Severe attacks: general malaise, fatigue, muscle soreness, and HA Typical allergens: pollen from ragweed, grasses, tress and weeds, fungal spores, house dust and mites, animal dander and feather Diagnosis: skin ,serum or nasal smear (increase eosinophils) Treatment: antihistamines, topical and oral decongestants, desensitization

Question 31

Type I Hypersensitivity: Food Allergies

Answer 31

Any food can trigger- most common are milk, eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, seafood, cooking food may change symptoms Acute response (hives and anaphylaxis), Chronic (asthma, atopic dermatitis and GI disorders) Can occur at any age, but usually childhood

Question 32

Type II Hypersensitivity

Answer 32

Mediated by IgG or IgM antibodies directed against antigens on cell surfaces or connective tissue Antigens can be endogenous or exogenous (drug metabolites) 3 types of Type II Complement and antibody mediated destruction- mismatch blood transfusion rx, hemolytic dx of newborn due to ABO or rH incompatibility or drugs (HIT) Complement and antibody mediated inflammation-glomerulonephritis Antibody- mediated dysfunction- changes cell function Graves dx (TSH receptors), MG (ACE receptors)

Question 33

Type III Immune complex-Mediated Disorders

Answer 33

Complement- and Antibody-Mediated Cell Destruction Involve formation and deposition of insoluble antigen-antibody complexes Responsible for vasculitis (SLE), systemic immune complex disease (serum sickness) and local immune complex disease

Question 34

Type IV Cell- mediated Hypersensitivity

Answer 34

Direct cell cytotoxicity- sensitized CD8+T cells kill antigen-bearing target cells Delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions- presensitized CD4+T cells release cytokines that damage and kill antigen-containing cells- tuberculin skin test Allergic contact dermatitis- inflammatory response after sensitized- cosmetics, hair dyes, topical drugs- erythematous, popular and vesicular lesion, pruritus and weeping 12-24 hours post exposure, lasts days to weeks treatment with corticosteroid creams Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis- exposed to inhaled organic dusts or occupational antigens; labored breathing, dry cough, chills, fever, headache, chronic exposure may lead to chronic lung disease with little reversibility

Question 35

Transplantation

Answer 35

Taking cells, tissues or organs (graft) from on individual (donor) to another (recipient) Rejection is a major barrier to transplantation- recipients immune system recognizes the graft as foreign and attacks it. Hyperacute rejection: occurs almost immediately after transplantation, caused by existing recipient antibodies and initiate type III Arthus- type sensitivity Acute rejection- occurs within first few weeks or months Chronic rejection occurs over prolonged period, caused by T-cell cytokines that damage BV causing ischemic damage to graft tissue

Question 36

Graft versus Host Disease

Answer 36

Occurs most often in bone marrow transplants patients 3 things must occur: The transplant must have a functional cellular immune component The recipient tissue must bear antigens foreign to donor tissue Recipient immunity must be compromised to the point that cannot destroy transplanted cell Occurs most often in bone marrow

Question 37

Autoimmune disease

Answer 37

Disruption in self-tolerance that results in damage to body tissues by immune system Self-tolerance is maintained through central and peripheral mechanisms that delete autoreactive B or T cells that suppress or inactivate immune responses that destroy host cells, defects in this mechanism predispose to autoimmune disease May be triggered by environmental stimuli, infections, genetic predisposition Treatment based on tissue involved, immunosuppressive drugs, steroids

Question 38

Signs of immunodeficiency disorders

Answer 38

4 or more new ear infections in 1 year 2 or more serious infections in 1 year 2 or more months on antibiotics with little effect 2 or more PNA within 1 yearFailure of infant to gain weight or grow normally Recurrent deep skin or organ abscess Persistant thrush, fungal infections of skinNeed for IV ABX 2 or more deep seated infections including septicemia Family Hx

Question 39

Acquired Immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

Answer 39

Profound immunosuppression Transmitted blood or body fluids that contain the virus, sexual contact is the most frequent mode*Destroys CD4 cells 3 phases: Primary phase: shortly after infection- mono like symptoms Latency phase: may last for years Overt phase decrease in CD4 count Treatment involves drugs that interrupt replication of virus- no cure Treat opportunistic infections Diagnosis: ELISA- enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay Western blot if ELISA is +, the western blot can identify false-positive EIA results Home tests

Question 40

Pregnancy and HIV

Answer 40

Women infected with HIV and transmit to offspring in utero, labor or breast milk HIV antibody can be present in babies from the mother, uninfected babies is usually disappears within 18 months