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electrolytes Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

Normal sodium levels

A

135-145

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2
Q

Minimum RDA of sodium

A

500 mg/day

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3
Q

Regulation of sodium

A

kidneys
GI
Skin

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4
Q

Hormonal regulation of sodium

A

Aldosterone increase retains sodium, and therefore water

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5
Q

Target organ of sodium

A

Brain

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6
Q

hyponatremia in high vs low blood volume

A

High blood volume dilutional hyponatremia
Low blood volume hypovolemic hyponatremia

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7
Q

Who should have a low salt diet, how much?

A

Hypertension and heart failure should have less than 1500 mg

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8
Q

Causes of hyponatremia

A

Not enough intake
Vomiting/ diarrhea
Excess sweating
Burns/ wounds
Increased ADH
Stress, pain trauma
SIADH
meds

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9
Q

symptoms of hyponatremia

A

Headache
Lethargy
Apathy
Confusion
Nausea/diarrhea
Fluid overload
Vomiting
Abdominal cramping
Muscle cramps and spasms

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10
Q

What serum sodium level has a mortality rate of over 50%

A

105

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11
Q

Causes of hypernatremia

A

Excessive intake
Decreased extracellular losses (increased water loss and hormones)
Decreased water intake
Hemoconcentration

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12
Q

Signs of hypernatremia

A

Dry mucous membranes
Restlessness
Decreases reflexes
Convulsions
Hyperactivity
Tachycardia
Hypertension

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13
Q

Hypernatremia with water retention

A

Edema
Weight Gain
Hypertension
Mental changes
Pulmonary edema

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14
Q

Most important electrolyte

A

Potassium

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15
Q

Normal potassium

A

3.5-5

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16
Q

How much potassium do adults need per day

A

50-100

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17
Q

Regulation of potassium (organ)

A

Kidneys

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18
Q

Foods rich in potassium

A

Bananas, orange juice, lentils, raisins

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19
Q

Target organ of potassium

A

Heart
Smooth electrical conduction to muscles

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20
Q

Symptoms of hypokalemia

A

cardiac arrythmias
tachycardia

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21
Q

Treatment of hypokalemia

A

Do not give rapid dose, it leads to cardiac arrest and excruciating pain in the skin and blood vessels
Must be diluted and only piggy back or PO

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22
Q

Causes of hyperkalemia

Study These Flashcards
A

Excessive intake
massive crushing injuries
Inadequate renal losses
renal failure
addisons disease
potassium sparing diuretics

23
Q

Signs of hyperkalemia

Study These Flashcards
A

Dysrhythmias
Bradycardias

24
Q

How does hyperkalemia affect ECGs

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A

Wide QRS complex (above or equal to 0.12s)
Peaked and Pointy T

25
Treatment of severe hyperkalemia
Over 7 rapid treatment is needed to move potassium from ECF to ICF
26
Treatment of hyperkalemia
IV 50% dextrose with 10u of insulin 75meq of sodium bicarb Lasix Kalcinate Kayexalate (excretion in feces) If patient is in renal failure--> dialysis
27
Normal calcium (total and ionized)
total 8.5-10.5 ionized 4.5-5.6
28
Sources of calcium
Dairy products Leafy greens
29
Hormonal regulation of calcium
Parathyroid hormone raises Ca by pulling it from bone Calcitonin (produced by thyroid) powers serum Ca by storing it in the bones
30
Main function of calcium
bone development Blood clotting Smooth muscle contraction
31
Target organ of calcium
Skeletal muscles
32
Vit D and calcium
Vit D facilitates the absorption of Ca from GI tract into bloodstream
33
Plasma calcium and PTH
When calcium is low, PTH is stimulated. Vice versa
34
Calcium and phosphate
opposite relationship
35
What does calcitonin
Produced by the thyroid. Acts at bone and kidneys to remove Ca from circulation
36
Causes of hypocalcemia
inadequate vit D (impaired absorption, renal failure, liver disease) Impaired ability to mobilize calcium from bind Hypoparathyroidism Abnormal calcium binding Decreased serum albumin, pH, and acute pancreatitis
37
Symptoms of hypocalcemia
muscle spasms in face (trousseau) Carpal spasm (chvosteks) Laryngeal spasm Tetany Seizures
38
Key signs of hypocalcemia
Neuromuscular irritability
39
causes of hypercalcemia
Hyperparathyroidism Cancer Increased intestinal absorption Excessive vit D and calcium Milk-Alkali syndrome (burnetts) caused from increased calcium and antacids (calcium carb- tums) Increased bone reabsorption (osteoclasts break down tissue and release Ca to blood) Hyperthyroidism
40
Symptoms of hypercalcemia
Muscle flaccidity Bone Tenderness/ pain Pathological fractures High calcium in urine which increases susceptibility to renal calculi (stones) Constipation Hypertension
41
Normal phosphate levels
2.5-4.5
42
Symptoms of hypophosphatemia
Poor motor and nerve function
43
Symptoms of hypophosphatemia
Poor motor and nerve function weakness Slow GI tract Low blood counts (low hemoglobin and hematocrit)
44
Causes of hypophosphatemia
most common is kidney failure Excess intake (laxative) chemo
45
Signs and symptoms of hyperphosphatemia
muscle cramps twitching tetany
46
Normal magnesium levels
2.2-3
47
Sources of magnesium
Nuts
48
Regulation of magnesium
Kidneys
49
Hormonal regulation of magnesium
Aldosterone increases and lowers it
50
target organ for magnesium
heart
51
Causes of hypomagnesmia
Prolonged diarrhea/ laxative abuse Increased renal exertion of magnesium Serious wounds requiring debridement (removal of damaged tissue) Alcoholism Malabsorption
52
Signs and symptoms of hypomagnesemia cardiac
Dysrhythmias tachycardia
53
causes of hypermagnesemia
Low aldosterone adrenal insufficency most commonly causes by renal failute excessive intake of antacids
54
signs of hypermagnesemia
Dysrhythmia bradycardia

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