hemodynamics

Question 1

compliance of the heart

Answer 1

The “stretch ability” of the heart

Question 2

elasticity

Answer 2

The ability of the myocardial wall to return to its original shape of “snapback”

Question 3

contractability

Answer 3

The force of the contractions generated by the myocardium

Question 4

preload

Answer 4

The maximum degree of stretch of the myocardial fibers, just prior to contraction

Question 5

What is preload influenced by

Answer 5

Fluid volume/body position
ischemia
Hypertrophy
Pericardial restriction

Question 6

afterload

Answer 6

The amount of resistance the heart has to overcome to pump the blood

Question 7

wall stress

Answer 7

The amount of strength and stretch required for the heart to pump

Question 8

Mean arterial pressure MAP and normal values

Answer 8

The optimum pressure for assuring continuous oxygen and nutrient supply to the body
90-95

Question 9

Low MAP indicates

Answer 9

less tissue perfusion

Question 10

What is arterial BP determined by

Answer 10

cardiac output and resistance to blood flow

Question 11

stroke volume

Answer 11

The amount of blood ejected by the ventricles with each contraction

Question 12

Starlings Law

Answer 12

The more the normal myocardial fibers are stretched, the greater the force which they snap back

Question 13

cardiac output and equation

Answer 13

The volume of blood ejected by left ventricle/min
CO = SVR x HR

Question 14

What 2 things do the sympathetic nervous system release? And what do they do

Answer 14

They release epinephrine and norepinephrine
Increases HR
Vasoconstriction
Fight or flight

Question 15

What does the parasympathetic system do

Answer 15

The vagus nerve may decrease HR
Rest and digest

Question 16

what do baroreceptors do

Answer 16

Sense decreased pressure in the aortic arch and respond by increasing force and rate of contraction
Baro=pressure

Question 17

what do chemoreceptors do

Answer 17

Sense changes in O2, CO2, and pH and respond to changing heart and respiratory rates

Question 18

Total peripheral resistance and three things its determined by

Answer 18

The amount of obstruction to blood flow produced by the system
Valvular flexibility of stiffness, vascular resistance, volume of blood

Question 19

How do baroreceptors respond to increased/decreased stretch of aorta

Answer 19

Increased stretch: vasodilation
Decreased stretch: vasoconstriction

Question 20

Localized myogenic response

Answer 20

Local blood vessels dilate or constrict in response to increases or decreases in blood flow

Question 21

2 catecholamines

Answer 21

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 22

What does ADH do for blood volume

Answer 22

Increases it (antidiuretic, so you’re releasing less fluid)

Question 23

Primary HTN

Answer 23

idiopathic, common

Question 24

Secondary HTN

Answer 24

Caused by another disease, can be reversible if disease is controlled

Question 25

Normal BP, pre HTN, Stage 1, Stage 2

Answer 25

Normal: <120-80 Pre-HTN: 120-139/80-89 Stage I: 140-159/90-99 Stage II: >160/100

Question 26

Why does alcohol change BP and how does it change it

Answer 26

It increases BP It increases renin which increases RAAS activity

Question 27

Na+, K+, Ca+, Mg+, and glucose in relation to HTN

Answer 27

High Na+ Low K+, Ca+, Mg Glucose intolerance

Question 28

What race and age group is at high risk of HTN

Answer 28

African Americans Males <50, females >50

Question 29

Insulin in relation to HTN

Answer 29

Arteries damaged by insulin resistance

Question 30

RAAS in relation to HTN

Answer 30

Overactivity lead to HTN

Question 31

Late symptoms of HTN

Answer 31

Frontal headache in the morning, dizziness, nose bleeds, confusion

Question 32

Isolated systolic HTN 3 criteria

Answer 32

SBP >140 Diastolic BP <90 pt >65

Question 33

What can malignant HTN lead to

Answer 33

Papilledema, CVA, encephalopathy, CHF, uremia

Question 34

orthostatic HTN and diagnosis

Answer 34

Drop in SBP of 20 mmHg or diastolic 10 mmHg within 3 min from sitting to standing Tilt table test

Question 35

Varicose veins (what are they, etiology by, S&S, treatment)

Answer 35

Dilated or tortuous veins that typically leads to venous insufficiency Etiology: Long periods of standing, increase intraabdominal pressure (pregnancy) S&S: Distended veins, aching in lower extremities, edema Treatment: Support hose, sclerotherapy, surgery

Question 36

Venous insufficiency

Answer 36

Chronic venous disease of lower extremity Caused by incompetent valves Edema, venous stasis dermatitis

Question 37

Risk factors of venous thrombosis

Answer 37

Venous stasis (bedrest) Hypercoagulable states (BC, leiden control V, cancer, pregnancy, childbirth) Vessel wall injury (orthopedic surgery, venous catheters, massive trauma or infections

Question 38

What can venous thrombosis lead to

Answer 38

SOB, palpitations, anxiety, afib, low O2 sat

Question 39

S&S of venous thrombosis

Answer 39

Pain, swelling, fever, general malaise, elevated D-dimer >500

Question 40

Homans sign

Answer 40

Dorsiflexion produces pain

Question 41

Treatment for venous thrombosis

Answer 41

Anticoagulants (heparin, lovenox)

Question 42

exogenous lipoproteins

Answer 42

ingested

Question 43

endogenous lipoprotiens

Answer 43

liver

Question 44

LDL normal levels

Answer 44

Optimal is less than 100, less than 70 for high risk

Question 45

HDL normal levels

Answer 45

40-60

Question 46

Triglycerides normal range and when elevated

Answer 46

<150 DM, increased alcohol, sugar

Question 47

Treatment of hyperlipidemia

Answer 47

diet, exercise, statins

Question 48

what does atherosclerosis lead to

Answer 48

CAD Stroke PAD

Question 49

what is fibrous atheroma developed from

Answer 49

Fatty streaks, clinical atherosclerosis, accumulation of intra and extracellular lipids, smooth muscle proliferation, scar tissue, and calcification

Question 50

complicated atherosclerosis

Answer 50

Fibrous plaque breaks open, producing hemorrhage, ulceration, and scar tissue deposits