Cancer 2 Flashcards
How are benign tumors named?
Tissue origin + oma
Maglingnat tumor nomenclature
Carcinoma= epithelial origin Sarcoma= Connective tissue origin Lymphoma= lymphatic tissue origin Leukemia= blood forming cell origin (emia= decline or elevation of something )
Benign qualities
- Growth rate?
- Capsule?
- Invasive?
- Differentiated?
- Mitotic index?
- Metastasize?
Slow growth Has capsule Not invasive into surrounding tissues Well differentiated- looks like tissue from where it originated Low mitotic index Does not metastasize
Malignant qualities
- Growth rate?
- Capsule?
- Invasive?
- Differentiated?
- Mitotic index?
- Metastasize?
- Growth rate? fast
- Capsule? No
- Invasive? Yes. breaks through BM
- Differentiated? Poorly differentiated. Anaplastic. Cannot tell which tissue it originated from.
- Mitotic index? High
- Metastasize? Yes, can spread distantly *** hallmark of malignant tumors
Hallmark of malignant tumors
Can spread far- metastasis
TNM cancer staging system
T= tumor N= nodes M= metastases
Predicts behavior and outcome of tumor. Helps patient understand how serious it is, treatment options and survival rate.
High value= not good
Want low value. 0= no tumor.
Tumor grading
Assess cellular differentiation and nuclear size/shape/% of tumor cells divide.
As grade increases, malignancy increasing. Evaluating aggressiveness.
GX: Undetermined G1: Well differentiated (good, low grade) G2: Moderately differentiated G3: Poorly differentiated G4: Undifferentiated
Tumor doubling time
How fast tumor doubles in size.
1 malignant cell to form takes a long time
Less time for tumor to grow and be detectable
Even less time for it to cause death
Local spread of tumor
Is through BM to nearby organs.
How does local spread occur
Increase growth rate, decrease apoptosis Decrease cell-cell adhesion Increase motility Release of lytic enzymes Mechanical pressure
Pre-invasive tumor (in situ)
Still has intact BM. As soon as BM breaks, it is considered invasive.
Distant metastases often occurs in the ____
First capillary bed encountered.
Colon –> liver
Liver –> lung
Lung –> brain
Metastatic process
Direct or continuous extension
Penetration into vessels or body cavities
Transport into lymph or blood
Entry and growth in secondary sites
Angiogenesis occurs in what stage of tumor growth
Late.
How is angiogenesis imitated?
secretion of angiogenic factors. Will release VEGF, which causes production of new blood vessels. Leaky, hemorrhage.
This deprives neighboring tissues of oxygen and nutrients.
