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cancer (3) Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the leading cause of disease related death in children under 15?

A

cancer

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2
Q

alteration in cell growth due to external and internal stimuli?

A

cancer

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3
Q

what causes mutation in body cells in cancer?

A

external stimuli

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4
Q

what are external stimuli found in cancer?

A

carcinogens such as radiation exposure or chemicals

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5
Q

what are immune system and gene abnormalities that can casue cancer

A
  • immune defeiciencies
  • acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
  • vituses
  • genetic changes
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6
Q

what are the general symptoms of cancer?

A
  • pain
  • cachexia (anorexia, weight loss, anemia, weakness, early satiety)
  • anemia
  • infection
  • bruising
  • neurologic symptoms
  • palpable mass
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7
Q

why is cancer not always caught right away

A

vague sx

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8
Q

what are the most common diagnostic tests for all cancers?

A
  • CBC/differential/urinalysis
  • lumbar puncture
  • bone marow aspiration
  • bone marrow biopsy
  • biopsy of tumor
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9
Q

what imaging is done for cancer

A

MRI / CT / ultrasound or bone scan

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10
Q

what are specific drugs that kill both normal and cancerous cells?

A

chemotherapy

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11
Q

what is the use of biological retooling and molecular intervention to produce targeted cancer therapy

A

biological therapy

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12
Q

what uses parts of the human body that are programmed to destroy cells and applies them to cancer cells

A

biologic retooling

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13
Q

what involves interference with metabolic pathway in tumor cells

A

molecular targeting

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14
Q

what are some complementary therapies for cancer?

A

nutritional/herbal supplements, touch therapy, mind-body interventions

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15
Q

what are some long-term effects of radiation?

A

bone/teeth growth impaired, chronic pain, hypothyroidism (neck radiation), cardio/resp toxicity, cognitive/neuro probs

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16
Q

how to promote nutritional status in kids w cancer

A

frequent small meals, supplements, height/weight, labs, antiemetics

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17
Q

what is neutropenia

A

dec. WBC

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18
Q

what should be watched for in neutropenia

A

assess infection

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19
Q

what is thrombocytopenia

A

dec. platelets

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20
Q

what is important to look for in thrombocytopenia

A

assess bleeding

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21
Q

what is anemia

A

dec. RBC

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22
Q

what is important to do in anemia

A

blood transfusions

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23
Q

what are some chemo side effects

A

n/v, mucositis, anorexia, constipation or diarrhea, hair loss

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24
Q

cancer skin assessment

A
  • assess for radiation burns
  • leave the markings on the skin
  • avoid lotions, powders, soap
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25
cancer hydration assessment
* frequent small amnt fluids * monitor I&O * IV hydration w/ chemo meds
26
how to prevent/treat infection in cancer
* handwashing * stay away from sick * no immunizations until 6 mo after chemo
27
how long after chemo can immunizations be given?
6 mo.
28
clinical manifestations of brain tumors
Behavioral and neurological changes Increased intracranial pressure Headache (most common), nausea, vomiting, gait and coordination changes, dizziness, change in vision or hearing, irritability, fatigue, educational or behavioral changes.
29
how is a brain tumor diagnosis made
* history and physical * CT/MRI * myelography and angiography
30
clinical therapy for brain tumors
* surgery * radiation * chemo
31
complications of brain tumor surgery
* severe infection * seizure activity * sensorimotor disorders * hydrocephalus * growth problems * diabetes insipidus
32
average age to acquire neuroblastoma?
17-22 months
33
what is the most common tumor in infants during first year of life
neuroblastoma
34
what is a solid tumor anywhere in the nervous system
neuroblastoma
35
describe palpation of neuroblastoma
dont do it, contraindicated
36
what is a nephroblastoma called
wilm's tumor
37
what is the age for nephroblastoma (Wilm's tumor)
5 y.o.
38
how quickly can a wilm's tumor (nephroblastoma) double in size
11-13 days
39
clinical manifestations of wilm's tumor (nephroblastoma)
Painless swelling or mass to one side of abdomen Generally asymptomatic Parent discovers during a bath or holding the child
40
diagnosis of wilm's tumor (nephroblastoma)
US and CT, MRI
41
clinical therapy of wilm's tumor (nephroblastoma)
* surgery to remove entire kidney * chemo/radiation
42
why should palpation be avoided in wilm's tumor (nephroblastoma)
cancer cells can spread
43
what is the most common tumor effecting the skeleton?
osteosarcoma
44
when is the peak incidence of osteosarcoma?
during rapid growth (age 13 in girls, 15-17 boys)
45
clinical manifestations of osteosarcoma
pain, swelling, limp
46
diagnosis of osteosarcoma
xray, CT, MRI
47
clinical therapy of osteosarcoma
chemo/surgry
48
what is a tomor of long bones
ewing's sarcoma
49
clinical manifestations of ewing's sarcoma
pain, swelling, fever, inc. WBC count, increased ESR, increased CRP
50
how is ewing's sarcoma diagnosed
biopsy of tumor
51
clinical therapy of ewing's sarcoma
chemo/surgery
52
what is the most commonly diagnosed pediatric malignancy under 14 y.o.
leukemia
53
what is cancer of the blood forming organs
leukemia
54
what cancer involves the proliferation of immature, abnormal white cells
leukemia
55
what is the most common leukemia
acute lymphoblastic leukemia
56
peak onset of leukemia
2-3 yrs
57
cause/ risk factors of leukemia
cause unknown exposure to infectious agents, chromosome defects maybe
58
clinical manifestations of leukemia
Pallor Fatigue Fever/infection Ecchymosis Petechiae/Bleeding Lethargy, malaise Anorexia Large joint or bone pain Enlargement of liver or spleen Changes in lymph nodes
59
diagnosis of leukemia
History, physical, CBC and differential Bone marrow aspiration is definitive test
60
clinical therapy for leukemia
Radiation and chemotherapy Maintenance therapy given for 2-3 years Stem cell transplant for relapse
61
what is cancer of the lymphatic system, and is rare to acquire before 5 y.o.
hodgkins disease
62
clinical manifestations of hodgkins disease
Painless enlargement of lymph nodes in supraclavicular and cervical lymph nodes Nodes are firm and non-tender Fever, night sweats, weight loss
63
what is used to make a definitive diagnosis of hodgkins disease
lymph node biopsy
64
what kind of cells will be present upon hodgkins disease diagnosis?
reed-sternberg cells
65
clinical therapy of hodgkins disease
chemo/radiation
66
A cancer diagnosis may be delayed due to which of the following? a) Children don’t tell parents when they are feeling ill b) Many of the symptoms are common to typical childhood illnesses c) Parents are afraid so they don’t call the health care provider d) Children are generally healthy
B
67
Cancer may be a cause of which of the following mental health disorders? Choose all that apply. a) Post traumatic stress disorder b) Depression c) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder d) Autism spectrum disorder
A, B
68
Immunizations should be obtained how long after chemotherapy is completed? a) 1 month b) 9 months c) 6 months d) 12 months
C
69
Which tumor is the most common affecting the skeleton? a) Wilm’s tumor b) Osteosarcoma c) Hodgkins disease d) Ewings sarcoma
B

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