immunizations and communicable diseases (3)

Question 1

which of the followng contribute to vulnerability?
a) Underdeveloped immune system
b) Lack of antibodies
c) Incomplete disease protection through vaccinations
d) Poor hygiene behaviors

Answer 1

all of them!

Question 2

why is it important to prevent children from getting infections?

Answer 2

they can develop complications

Question 3

what is when antibody production is stimulated without causing clinical disease

Answer 3

active immunity

Question 4

what is a foreign substance that triggers an immune response?

Answer 4

antigen

Question 5

what immunity is induced with antibodies produced in another human oanimal host?

Answer 5

passive immunity

Question 6

what part of immunity is produced by the body

Answer 6

antibodies

Question 7

what is the most effecitive method of infection control?

Answer 7

wash hands

Question 8

what type of vaccine is where the killed microorganism is still capable of inducing antibody production

Answer 8

killed virus (like polio)

Question 9

what type of vaccine is when a toxin has been treated to weaken its toxic effect but retain its antigenicity

Answer 9

toxoid (tetanus)

Question 10

what type of vaccine contains a virus in a live but attenuated (weakened) form

Answer 10

live virus (measles, varicella)

Question 11

what type of vaccine is when an organism has been genetically altered?

Answer 11

recombinant (hep b, acellular pertussis)

Question 12

what type of vaccine is when an altered organism joined with another substance

Answer 12

conjugated (pneumococcal, meningococcal)

Question 13

when do MMR side effects occur?

Answer 13

1-2 weeks later

Question 14

what are MMR side effects?

Answer 14

fever, rash, joint pain (anaphylaxis is rare)

Question 15

what organizations collaborate and make recommendations about vaccines

Answer 15

-Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices of CDC
-American Academy of Pediatrics
-American Academy of Family Practitioners

Question 16

what needs to be obtained before a vaccine?

Answer 16

informed, written consent

Question 17

what does the national childhood vaccine injury act of 1986 do?

Answer 17

it provides compensation if a link between immunization and serious adverse effect is found

Question 18

what are some contraindications of vaccines

Answer 18

• mod/severe acute illness
• hypersensitivity (eggs, neomycin, gelatin)
• anaphyaxis
• recent immunoglobin treatment within 3-11 mo.
• cancer/immunodeficiency
• pregnancy

Question 19

when doing immunizations, you should always…

Answer 19

• check expiration date
• reconstitute correctly
• choose appropriate needle
• comfort measures

Question 20

what are the gauges of IM injections

Answer 20

22-25

Question 21

what angle are IM injections given

Answer 21

90 degrees

Question 22

what is a highly contagious bacterial illness that is characterized by a thick coating in the throat and airway

Answer 22

diptheria

Question 23

what vaccine is given for diptheria

Answer 23

DTaP

Question 24

describe DTap schedule

Answer 24

given at 2, 4, 6, 15-18 months, and then again before school (4-6 y.o.)

Question 25

treatment of diptheria

Answer 25

antitoxin antibiotic

Question 26

what can diptheria cause in serious cases

Answer 26

ascending paralysis

Question 27

what is the cause of tetanus

Answer 27

clostridium tetani found in soil, dust, animal excretion

Question 28

what can tetanus cause

Answer 28

muscular spasm or lockjaw

Question 29

what vaccine is given for tetanus

Answer 29

DTaP

Question 30

describe booster schudule for DTaP

Answer 30

boosters at 13 & 18 y.o., then again every 10 years

Question 31

manifestations of rubeola (measles)

Answer 31

* red, blotchy rash that starts of face and moves downward

Question 32

how is measles (rubeola) transmitted?

Answer 32

direct droplet contact airborne

Question 33

what vaccine is given for measles (rubeola)?

Answer 33

MMR

Question 34

MMR schedule

Answer 34

given at 12-15 mo., then 2nd dose before attending school (4-6 y.o.)

Question 35

what are koplik spots?

Answer 35

characteristic of measles (blotchy/spotty rash), in mouth and body

Question 36

what is another name for mumps

Answer 36

parotitis

Question 37

what kind of disease is mumps

Answer 37

contagious viral disease

Question 38

manifestations of mumps

Answer 38

painful swelling of slaivary glands, fever, HA, sore throat

Question 39

what complication can develop from mumps?

Answer 39

meningitis

Question 40

what does having mumps provide?

Answer 40

lifelong immunity

Question 41

what is another name for rubella

Answer 41

german measles

Question 42

what vaccine is used for rubella

Answer 42

MMR

Question 43

manifestations of rubella

Answer 43

generally mild rash, first in the face, neck, trunk, legs, then disappears in same order

Question 44

how is rubella spread

Answer 44

droplet

Question 45

what is the sommunity concern for rubella?

Answer 45

serious fetus effects in 1st trimester (eyes, heart, hearing, neuro), keep infected children away from pregnany women

Question 46

describe poliomyelitis vaccine history

Answer 46

injectible and oral live viruses caused the polio virus in some children, so the inactivated form is now used

Question 47

what part of the body does polio effect

Answer 47

CNS

Question 48

what are the 4 major complications of polio?

Answer 48

* permanent motor paralysis!!! * resp arrest * myocardial failure * aseptic meningitis

Question 49

how is polio transmitted?

Answer 49

fecal oral / resp

Question 50

when is the vaccine for polio given?

Answer 50

at 2, 4, and 6-18 months, and then again before school

Question 51

what is chickenpox known as?

Answer 51

varicella

Question 52

how is varicella transmitted

Answer 52

direct/airborn (contact/droplet precautions)

Question 53

when is varicella contagious?

Answer 53

* up until 5 days before the child develops a rash * until all vescicles are crusted over * 5-7 days

Question 54

when is the varicella vaccine given?

Answer 54

at 12-18 months and before school

Question 55

what is whooping caugh called

Answer 55

pertussis

Question 56

how is pertussis (whooping caugh) transmitted

Answer 56

respiratory droplets and direct contact

Question 57

major characteristic of pertussis (whooping cough)

Answer 57

cough worse at night - stridor and "whoop"

Question 58

what is DTaP used to prevent?

Answer 58

diptheria, tetanus, pertussis (whooping cough)

Question 59

describe rotavirus vaccines

Answer 59

there are 2 forms, one with 2 doses and one with 3 * if 2 doses, given at 2 and 4 mo. * if 3 doses given at 2, 4, and 6 mo.

Question 60

how many diarrhea stools would a child with rotavirus have in 1 day?

Answer 60

up to 10-20

Question 61

how long does diarrhea last with rotavirus

Answer 61

3-8 days

Question 62

how is rotavirus transmitted

Answer 62

fecal/oral, tell parents to be careful with diaper

Question 63

what are potential complications with rotavirus

Answer 63

dehydration/electrolyte imbalance death

Question 64

what is Hib short for?

Answer 64

H. influenzae type B

Question 65

what can Hib lead to?

Answer 65

* meningitis * epiglotitis * pneumonia * infectious arthritis * cellulitis

Question 66

how is hib transmitted

Answer 66

direct person contact, droplet

Question 67

treatment of hib

Answer 67

IV antibiotics

Question 68

what does hib begin with

Answer 68

upper respiratory infection

Question 69

vaccine schedule for hib

Answer 69

inactivated vaccine given at 2 and 4 months, with a 3rd dose at 6 mo., OR 3rd/4th dose given at 12-15 months

Question 70

a 6 month old is due for vaccines, which of the following would be due? * MMR * IPV * DTaP * varicella * Hib

Answer 70

DTaP and Hib

Question 71

describe contagiousness of Hep A

Answer 71

high, "infectious hepatitis"

Question 72

how is hep a transmitted

Answer 72

fecal-oral person to person from contaminated water or food

Question 73

hep a immunization schedule

Answer 73

2 doses 6 months apart

Question 74

how old does a child have to be for the 1st hep a injection

Answer 74

12 y.o.

Question 75

how is hep b transmitted

Answer 75

parenteral (blood and secretions), sex, injections, from mom to fetus

Question 76

hep b immunization schedule

Answer 76

first at birth, 2nd at 1-2 mo., 3rd at 6-18 months

Question 77

what does the hpv vaccine protect against

Answer 77

cervical cancer and genital warts

Question 78

what are the 2 types of hpv vaccines and what do they protect against

Answer 78

HPV4 and HPV9 protect against 4 and 9 types of cervical cancer

Question 79

when can the HPV vaccine schedule be started

Answer 79

age 9

Question 80

when is the hpv vaccine normally given

Answer 80

11-12 years

Question 81

when should hpv vaccines be given prior to?

Answer 81

sexual activity

Question 82

when are the 2nd and 3rd doses of hpv vaccine given?

Answer 82

2nd given 2 mo., after 1st, 3rd given 6 mo. after 1st

Question 83

what are the max ages to give the HPV vaccine to in males and females

Answer 83

can be given up to 21 y.o. in males and 26 y.o. in females

Question 84

what 2 conditions can a meningococcal infection cause?

Answer 84

* meningitis * meningococcemia

Question 85

what is meningitis characterized by?

Answer 85

* changes in mental status * seizures, coma

Question 86

what is meningococcemia characterized by?

Answer 86

* maculopapular or petechial rash, purpura * septic shock

Question 87

how are meningococcal infections transmitted?

Answer 87

direct / respiratory

Question 88

meningococcal vaccine schedule

Answer 88

one at 11-12 y.o. and another 5 yrs later

Question 89

what vaccine protects against streptococcus pneumoniae

Answer 89

pneumococcal vaccine

Question 90

what can streptococcus pneumoniae cause?

Answer 90

resp infections, OM, meningitis, and bacteremia

Question 91

many pneumococcal strains are resistant to which 3 antibiotics?

Answer 91

penicillin, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone (vancomycin is used)

Question 92

how are pneumococcal strains transmitted

Answer 92

resp/droplet

Question 93

how old do you need to be to receive an influena vaccine?

Answer 93

6 months

Question 94

what happens when a child under 9 months old is getting an influenza vaccine?

Answer 94

they need a 2nd dose 4 weeks later

Question 95

what kind of vaccine is influenza

Answer 95

IM, or intranasal

Question 96

what antiviral is used for influenza

Answer 96

tamiflu