cancer and cell cycle

Question 1

name the 3 main checkpoints

Answer 1

G1 => S
G2 => Mitosis
Metaphase => Anaphase

Question 2

G1 => S

Answer 2

is the cell big enough?

Question 3

G2 => Mitosis

Answer 3

is DNA replicated?

Question 4

Metaphase => Anaphase

Answer 4

are chromosomes aligned?

Question 5

at each checkpoint, ______ acts as “stop signs”

Answer 5

specialized proteins

Question 6

name 4 reasons cell division will not occur

Answer 6

cells of that type are not required
not enough nutrients for cell growth
DNA has not replicated
DNA is damaged

Question 7

cell division is needed to replace _______ and _______ cells

Answer 7

damaged / worn out

Question 8

when cells leave at the first checkpoint, what cycle do they enter?

Answer 8

non dividing stage

Question 9

how many cells die in the human body per minute?

Answer 9

3 billion

Question 10

what are 2 types of cell death?

Answer 10

apoptosis

necrosis

Question 11

why do cells leave the cell cycle?

Answer 11

it’s time to die

Question 12

what is apoptosis?

Answer 12

programmed cell death

Question 13

what kills the cell (apoptosis)?

Answer 13

“suicide genes”

Question 14

cells can only divide a certain number of times until they _________

Answer 14

receive instructions to die

Question 15

what is a major purpose of apoptosis?

Answer 15

to remove cells that have lost their ability to function correctly

Question 16

what is necrosis?

Answer 16

cell death due to unexpected and accidental cell damage

Question 17

what are some reasons cells might be damaged beyond repair?

Answer 17

toxic chemicals (radiation, toxins)
physical events (trauma, lack of oxygen due to blocked blood flow)

Question 18

what happens when a cell ignores the “stop signs”?

Answer 18

they don’t leave the cell cycle to die, but continue to grow and divide repeatedly and excessively to create a lump of abnormal cells

Question 19

what is the lump of abnormal cells called?

Answer 19

a tumour

Question 20

what happens when a tumour is further mutated?

Answer 20

it can become cancerous

Question 21

what is cancer?

Answer 21

a group of diseases in which cells with abnormal DNA are growing and dividing uncontrollably and can spread to other body parts

Question 22

how can cancer change DNA?

Answer 22

exposure to carcinogens

inherited genes

Question 23

what is a carcinogen?

Answer 23

agents that can cause DNA mutation

Question 24

name 3 carcinogens and examples

Answer 24

viruses (HPV, Hepatitis B)
radiation (UV rays, X rays)
chemicals (tobacco smoke)

Question 25

what is a tumour?

Answer 25

an abnormal group of cells that reduces the normal functions of other body tissues by "invading" it

Question 26

what is a benign tumour?

Answer 26

a non cancerous tumour -- does not spread to other tissue

Question 27

what is a malignant tumour?

Answer 27

a cancerous tumour -- can break away from original tumour to a different body part

Question 28

which type of tumour can grow large and crowds nearby cells and affect normal functions?

Answer 28

benign

Question 29

which tumour interferes with functions of nearby cells and may destroy other tissue?

Answer 29

malignant

Question 30

what is metastasis?

Answer 30

cancer cells can break away from the original tumour and move to a different part of the body

Question 31

what happens if cancer cells settle in another part of the body?

Answer 31

they will continue to grow and divide uncontrollably and can start a new tumour

Question 32

name 5 major types of cancer

Answer 32

``` carcinoma sarcoma leukaemia myeloma lymphoma ```

Question 33

what type of cancer is carcinoma?

Answer 33

epithelial cells (skin/surface of internal organs)

Question 34

what type of cancer is sarcoma?

Answer 34

muscle, bone, cartilage, other connective tissue

Question 35

what type of cancer is leukaemia?

Answer 35

bone marrow (white blood cells)

Question 36

what type of cancer is myeloma?

Answer 36

white blood cells producing antibodies

Question 37

what type of cancer is lymphoma?

Answer 37

immune system cells

Question 38

name 3 common cancer treatments

Answer 38

radiation therapy chemotherapy surgery

Question 39

what is radiation therapy?

Answer 39

using radiation to kill cancer cells

Question 40

what is chemotherapy?

Answer 40

taking chemical drugs

Question 41

what is surgery?

Answer 41

removing the tumour

Question 42

name an advantage of radiation therapy

Answer 42

useful when surgery cannot be carried out

Question 43

name an advantage of chemotherapy

Answer 43

slows or controls spread of cancer

Question 44

name an advantage of surgery

Answer 44

if found early, tumour can be removed

Question 45

name 2 disadvantages of radiation therapy

Answer 45

can damage normal cells | side effects: nausea, vomiting, skin redness or skin pain

Question 46

name 2 disadvantages of chemotherapy

Answer 46

toxic to normal cells | painful side effects: feeling weak and sick, hair loss

Question 47

name 2 disadvantages of surgery

Answer 47

may not be possible if cancer has spread | painful recovery

Question 48

name 2 lesser known cancer treatments

Answer 48

biological therapy | biophotonics

Question 49

what is biological therapy?

Answer 49

giving chemicals ("cancer vaccines") to help your immune system fight cancer

Question 50

what are 3 ways biological therapy stops cancer?

Answer 50

stops / slows cancer cell growth makes it easier for your immune system to destroy cancer cells keeps cancer from spreading

Question 51

what is biophotonics?

Answer 51

when light shines on cells, particles of light are scattered by atoms and molecules of the cells; special devices record these scatter patterns

Question 52

what are 3 advantages of biophotonics?

Answer 52

allows early detection fewer side effects targets cancerous tissues more accurately