Cancer Pathology - Hematology-oncology Flashcards
(19 cards)
What does hematology-oncology refer to as
The combined medical practise of hematology (study of the bloods physiology) & oncology (study of cancer)
What are the main types of cancer that hematologists-oncology treats
Hodgkin lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Leukaemia
Multiple myeloma
Sickle cell disease
Explain the patho of leukaemia
Stem cells produced in the bone marrow as either lymphoid stem cells or myeloid stem cells
The lymphoid stem cells then differentiate into B or T lymphocytes
The myeloid stem cells differentiate into monocytes, curtrohils, RBC or platelets
What happens in acute myeloid leukaemia
Bone marrow makes too many monocytes or granulocytes which don’t fully develop and are not able to work normally
What happens in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
Bone marrow makes too many B or T lymphocytes which don’t fully develop & arent able to work normally
Often known as class cells
What happens in chronic myeloid leukaemia
Abnormal leukaemia cells develop from early blood cells called myeloid blood stem cells. They become myelocytes. These cells are sometimes called granulocytes
What is affected in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
Lymphocyte white blood cells that are cancerous so if affects the B lymphocytes
What is affected in hairy cell leukaemia
White blood cells called B lymphocytes which are cancerous
What does lymphoma mean
Cancer of the lymphatic system
What is the lymphatic system
System of thin tubes & lymph nodes that run throughout the body
Lymph nodes = bean shaped glands
Thin tubes = lymph vessels or lymphatic vessels
Tissue fluid = lymph circulates around the body in these vessels & flows through the lymph nodes
What is the role of the lymphatic system
Fights bacteria & other infections
Destroys old or abnormal cells (cancer cells)
What is Hodgkin lymphoma
States anywhere in the lymphatic system & can develop in more than one place in the body at the same time
Common place is lymph nodes in neck
What is non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Starts in the lymph nodes & common in the neck, liver or spleen
Other organs = stomach, small bowel, bones, brain, testicles or skin
Risk factors of hematology-oncology
Smoking
Overweight
Family history
Epstein Barr virus = causes glandular fever which increases risk of Hodgkin lymphoma
Previous HNL = greater risk of Hodgkin lymphoma
Breast implant
Symptoms of leukaemia
General weakness
Feeling tired
High temperature
Frequent infections
Brushing & bleeding
Weight loss
Pale skin
Swollen lymph nodes
Symptoms of lymphoma
Painless swelling in lymph nodes
Heavy seating at night
High temperature Frequent infections comes & goes
Weight loss in short period of time
Cough or SOB
Timmy pain or vomiting after drinking alcohol
What does treatment depend on
Type & grade of NHL
Stage of NHL
General health
Age
Who is involved in the treatment
Haematologist
Specialised cancer nurse
Pathologist
Radiotherapy specialist
Pharmacist
Radiologists
Main types of treatment
Chemotherapy
Targeted cancer drugs
Radiotherapy
Stem cell transplant
Surgery
