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Cancers Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the mechanism behind a testicular germ cell tumour

A

These tumours release beta HCG which increases oestrogen levels and causes proliferation of the breast tissue

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2
Q

How likely are patients with genetics condition HNPCC to get colorectal cancer

A

90%

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3
Q

non tender, rubbery lymph nodes and night sweats and weight loss

A

Hodgkins lymphoma

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4
Q

non healing mouth ulcers is a sign for what cancer?

A

squamous cell carcinoma

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5
Q

What is Lymphoma (different types)

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Non Hodgkin’s lymphoma

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6
Q

Symptoms of lymphoma

A

Fever and night sweats

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7
Q

Haemoptyosis
Fever
Chest pain
Biopsy shows keratin pearls

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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8
Q

Orphan Annie cells in biopsy

A

Papillary thyroid cancer

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9
Q

Reed stern berg cells in biopsy

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

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10
Q

Signet cells on biopsy

A

Gastric carcinoma

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11
Q

What is CEA a marker for

A

Colorectal cancer

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12
Q

what are carcinoid tumours

A

tumours of the neuroendocrine system

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13
Q

presentation of carcinoid tumours

A

right sided abdomen pain
weight loss
long history of diarrhoea

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14
Q

metastatic cancers and painkillers - which ones are used?

A

they do not respond to NSAIDS or paracetamol
so have to use morphine

careful with patients with deranged renal function - morphine will get excreted slowly so more of it will stay in the blood for longer

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15
Q

common complication of opioids

A

respiratory distress

RR drops

so give Nelzon - it is the reverse of an opioid and given to patients in respiratory distress

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16
Q

normal dose of morphine in adults?

A

10mg

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17
Q

why does chemotherapy affect neutrophils

A

it attacks any rapidly dividing cells
neutrophils are often killed
- neutrophils come from the bone marrow

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18
Q

what medication is given post chemotherapy in order to stimulate bone marrow growth

A

GRAFIL

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19
Q

what is the first line management in neutropenic sepsis

A

broad spectrum antibiotics like tazocin

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20
Q

stage 1 cancer

A

cancer is small and contained within the organ it orginated from​

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21
Q

stage 2 cancer

Study These Flashcards
A

hasn’t spread to surrounding tissues

22
Q

stage 3 cancer

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A

large
has spread to surrounding tissues and lymph nodes nearby

23
Q

stage 4 cancer

Study These Flashcards
A

has spread to another body organ

24
Q

ductal carcinoma in-situ

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A

tumour grows in the ducts
- if left untreated then can get invasive
- cancer cells can migrate along the lactiferous ducts and over the nipple skin (pagets disease of the breast/nipple)

25
lobular carcinoma in-situ
tumour clusters grow in the lobules don't invade the ducts not a discrete lump
26
signs and symptoms of breast cancer
hard and painless lump swelling under armpits in the lymph nodes breast is immobile and fixed dimpling of the skin - peau d'orange retraction of the nipple pagets disease - itching, redness and discharge
27
small cell carcinoma
main bronchus or hilar regions older smokers QUICKEST TO GROW side effects: SIADH - too much ADH, retain lots of water, can cause hyponatraemia and hypertension cushings syndrome - XS release of cortisol, causes moon face, hypokalaemia and hyperglycaemia Lambert-eatin myasthenic syndrome - muscles are unable to contract properly
28
bronchial carcinoid tumour side effects
releases serotonin bronchoconstriction
29
squamous cell carcinoma
SMOKERS causes horner syndrome - causes miosis, ptosis and anhidrosis PTH-rp: hypercalacaemia clubbing hyperthyroidism
30
adenocarcinoma
found in the smaller airways NON SMOKERS AND ASIAN FEMALES effects: gynaecomastia Horner syndrome
31
symptoms of lung cancer
unexplained cough for over 3 weeks blood in cough weight loss SOB chest pain fatigue
32
symptoms of prostate cancer
- difficulty urinating - blood in semen - bone pain PSA levels are done to test for prostate cancer these levels are high when patient has: - acute urinary retention - recent ejaculation - UTI
33
Testicular cancer symptoms
- most common cancer in men aged 20-30 years risks: <45 years caucasian HIV family history Klinefelters syndrome presentation - painless scrotal lump
34
basal cell carcinoma
most common skin cancer DNA mutations due to UV light small pink pearly nodules central depression usually on head or neck new vascularisation risks: men and age management - cryotherapy or Imiquimod or 5-florouracil
35
squamous cell carcinoma - skin
malignant tumour of the epidermal keratinocytes painful tender bleeding irregular nodules scaly and ulcer like
36
melanoma
most aggressive skin cancer over production of melanin causes mole to start over growing and look irregular shaped more pigemented irregular looking growing rapidly Asymmetrical Border is irregular Colour is different Diameter is >6mm Evolves fast over time
37
cervical cancer
due to HPV younger patients dysplasia - can evolve over the cervix in 3 grades carcinoma in-situ: affects the entire thickness of the epithelium
38
signs of cervical cancer:
abnormal vaginal bleeding - after sex vaginal discomfort vaginal discharge and foul smell dysuria bloody urine and constipation if spread beyond the pelvic wall
39
endometrial cancer
risks - nulliparity obesity early menarche late menopause PCOS
40
Signs of endometrial cancer
post menopausal bleeding intermentrual bleeding pain and discharge
41
ovarian cancer
risks - older age smoking late menopause early menarche obesity HRT signs: bloating abdo pain urine frequency and urgency change in bowel habits
42
vulvar cancer
skin cancers that can affect the vulva signs: itching non healing ulcer vulvar pain
42
vulvar cancer
skin cancers that can affect the vulva signs: itching non healing ulcer vulvar pain
43
when to refer gynaecological cancers
if post menopausal bleeding in <55 years
44
oesophageal carcinoma
GORD is a risk factor mainly adenocarcinoma and squamous CC that cause it signs weight loss dysphagia hoarseness
45
hepatocellular carcinoma
tumour of the liver risks - Hep B or C cirrhosis alcohol misuse signs - jaundice ascites hepatomegaly splenomegaly
46
upper Gi cancers 2WW
aged >55 with weight loss with: upper abdo pain reflux and dyspepsia and abdo mass
47
what is MEN1 syndrome
it is multiple endocrine neoplasias - characterised by 3 tumours - parathyroid - pituitary and pancreatic
48
What can be the presentation of a pituitary gland adenoma?
This will present with excessive prolactin hormone production, and in men can cause less body hair and nipple discharge in women. It can cause no periods and infertility.
49
What are the symptoms of a TSHoma - a type of pituitary gland adenoma
It causes hyper thyroidism
50
What are the symptoms of a ACTH producing tumour - a type of pituitary gland adenoma
Too much cortisol, and therefore Cushing's disease
51
What are the symptoms of a growth hormone producing tumour - a type of pituitary gland adenoma
It will cause acromegaly

AMK (27 decks)

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