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AMK > ENT Pathology > Flashcards

ENT Pathology Flashcards

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1
Q

road traffic accident - Blood stained serous discharge, and blood behind the tympanic membrane
“halo sign”
what is it?

A

Basal skull fracture - CSF leaks into the auditory canal causes bruising of the mastoid

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2
Q

Mid line limp in the neck, voice hoarseness and difficulty swallowing
ascends on swallowing BUT NOT on protusion of the tongue
what is it?

A

Thyroid lump

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3
Q

A lump in the neck that ascends on swallowing AND protusion of the tongue

A

Thyroglossal lump

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4
Q

what are the clinical features of a head and neck cancer

A
  1. hoarseness
  2. throat pain
  3. tongue ulcers
  4. painless neck pain
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5
Q

prebycusis

A

age related hearing loss

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6
Q

what treatment is given for noise related hearing loss

A

hearing aids are given first
then cochlear implants

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7
Q

sensorineural deafness and tinnitus that is worse when falling asleep
what treatment is given?

A

hearing aids

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8
Q

what is sound therapy

A

treatment for tinnitus

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9
Q

what is sialdeninis

A

inflammation of the salivary glands

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10
Q

sore throat and difficulty swallowing, bulge of one tonsil and deviation of uvula
what is it? and management

A

Quinsy
antibiotics and aspiration

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11
Q

what may be a cause of regular of epistaxis

A

liver disease

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12
Q

dizziness and left sided hearing loss, vertigo, nausea, tinnitus and hearing loss and PROGRESSIVE
what is it?

A

acoustic neuroma/vestibular schwannoma

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13
Q

dizziness and left sided hearing loss, vertigo, nausea, tinnitus and hearing loss
INTERMETTIENT
what is it

A

Meniere’s disease

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14
Q

thyroid surgery complications

A
  1. hypocalcaemia
  2. hypothyroidism
  3. recurrent laryngeal nerve damage - causes voice hoarseness
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15
Q

swelling in right parotid gland and facial nerve palsy

A

right sided facial nerve palsy

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16
Q

discharge and hearing loss after having chronic Otitis media
what is it?

A

cholesteatoma - complication of otitis media
due to accumulation of skin in the mastoid air cells

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17
Q

hearing loss without discharge, common in children aged 2-5

A

otitis media with effusion

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18
Q

hoarseness, ear pain and weight loss

A

laryngeal tumour
commonly caused by HPV 16

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19
Q

reinkes oedema

A

vocal cords get surrounded by fluid
they become swollen and distended

can be due to longstanding smoking or thyroid disease

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20
Q

what is reinkes oedema is linked with what

A

hypothyroidism

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21
Q

nasal trauma and swelling in nasal septum and bruising and deviation to the left - when do you do emergency incision and drainage

A

if there is bilateral cherry red swelling in the nasal septum in anterior rhinoscopy

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22
Q

what drug causes sensorineural hearing loss due to damage to the cochlea

A

furosemide

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23
Q

if there is hearing loss in left ear and Webbers test goes more to the right

A

sensorineural hearing loss

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24
Q

which hearing loss is this?
air conduction is louder

A

sensorineural hearing loss

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25
what hearing loss is this? if bone conduction is louder
conductive hearing loss
26
allergic rhinitis happens in hay fever due to?
type 1 hypersensitivity
27
examples of different type 1 hypersensitivity reactions
1. anaphylaxis 2. asthma 3. hay fever 4. eczema 5. food allergies
28
fullness in nostril - single nasal polyp unilaterally
nasopharyngeal cancer - cancer of the tissues in the nasopharynx the symptoms of this can be: polyps in the nasal cavity nose bleeds lump in neck that doesn't go after 3 weeks
29
Vestibular schwannomas - what is it
Benign, slow growing tumour of the Schwann cells these cells normally wrap around the nerve fibres and insulate them to help with signals passing faster when the tumour grows it affects hearing and balance and can cause: tinnitus dizziness loss of balance it can go onto interfering trigeminal nerve: sensation of the face facial nerve: weakness of the facial muscles if the tumour gets too big it can press on other structures like the cerebellum - this can present as other symptoms and be life-threatening
30
When is a vestibular schwannoma life threatening
When it is 40mm or more
31
Torrential epistaxis
Nose bleed
32
Telangiectasis
Widened blood vessels on the skin
33
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia and symptoms
inherited condition that causes abnormal genetic vascular formations between arteries and veins mostly these affects the nose, lungs, brain and liver they can rupture and cause frequent nose bleeds tiny red spots on the lips, mouth and tongue
34
Hoarseness For over 3 weeks Best management
Urgent ENT referral Risk of laryngeal cancer
35
What is given in severe hayfever
Prednisone
36
How should nasal steroid spray for hay fever be taken
Head upside down
37
Consequences of vestibular schwannoma
Build up of pressure can cause hearing loss and tinnitus Palsy of the CNVIII One sided occipital pain
38
What is p16 a marker for
HPV and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma
39
How to manage blunt trauma to pinna
Incision with primary closure
40
What is a benign neoplasm
Also known as Warthins tumour - tumour in the salivary gland Progressive facial swelling without pain and weakness
41
Thyroglossal cyst
Non tender and mobile cyst that moves in swallowing and tongue profusion
42
what is quinsy
rare complication of acute tonsilitis it is an abscess
43
presentation of quinsy
sore throat difficulty swallowing uvula deviation swelling inside mouth earache difficulty speaking
44
conductive hearing loss - what is it
obstruction of sound waves in the outer ear can be due to ear infection inability of the sound waves to reach the inner ear
45
patient has bilateral ear pain and lower facial pain painful clicking when she opens her jaw what is the best management
explanation and reassurance
46
what is temporomandibular dysfunction
caused by stress pain in the joint TMJ joint pain
47
what is ramsay hunt syndrome
happens with the varicella zoster/shingles virus is reactivated affects the facial Nerve and can cause palsy painful shingles rash facial paralysis hearing loss in affected ear 'wonky smile' unable to raise eyebrow
48
what is flat tymopanogram indicative of?
fluid behind the tympanic membrane - suggest middle ear congestion
49
patient had recurrent episodes of the 'world spinning' what is it
BPPV
50
what is done to diagnose BBPV
hallpike manoeuvre
51
treatment of BPPV
epley manoeuvre
52
what is Meniere's disease
defined by 4 symptoms: vertigo hearing loss tinnitus feeling fullness in the ear due to abnormal amount of fluid in the inner ear
53
symptoms of reinke's oedema
rough voice hoarseness low voice
54
what is Quinsy
complication of acute tonsillitis abscess forms in the tonsil and can spread to the walls of the throat
55
symptoms of quinsy
severe and quickly worsening sore throat swelling inside mouth pain when swallowing headache earache bad breath
56
otitis media - quick overview
- affects the eustachian tube - anything that is due to an infection is otitis media - painful middle ear infection - tympanic membrane looks red - there is pressure on the tympanic membrane due to fluid buildup which can burst and release pus - this leaves a hole in the tympanic membrane
57
otitis externa - quick overview
- anything that is outsider the tympanic membrane - common after swimming - congestion in the external ear - no pain
58
what is the most common cause of tonsilitis
strep a
59
tongue cancer characteristics
lump in the mouth or lip unexplained ulcer that lasts longer than 3 weeks persistent neck lumps hoarseness of the voice thyroid lump difficulty swallowing
60
what is leukoplakia
white patches on tongue - precancerous
61
leukoplakia vs oral candiasis
leukoplakia CANNOT BE SCRAPED oral candiasis - white spots on the tongue that CAN be scraped
62
squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue - characteristics
will be raised and ulcerated fast growing
63
basal cell carcinoma of the tongue characteristics
slow growing
64
melanoma of the tongue
dark and pigmented management is dependent on Breslow Thickness
65
tonsilitis - what are the 2 causes
group A strep - which is treated with penicillin but the most common cause is viral
66
how to score wether or not antibiotics are needed in tonsillitis
CENTOR score no cough fever > 38 degrees exudates from the tonsils inflammed
67
test for EBV
IgM and IgG antibody test
68
treatment for sinusitis
beclamethasone drops
69
throat cancer risk factors
unilateral nasal polyps smoker difficulty swallowing hoarseness of the voice and PMH of glandular fever
70
what is Ramsay hunt syndrome
when the shingles virus - varicella zoster - affects the ganglion in the facial nerve in the facial canal and causes facial drooping
71
what is reinke's oedema?
it is the gradual swelling and thickening of the vocal cords it is linked with hypothyroidism it can cause voice to get deeper
72
bacterial rhinosinusitis
happens post cold yellow discharge from nose fever local tenderness give amoxilin
73
what is the management for nose bleed if person is on warfarin
if INR is in the 5-8 range then stop warfarin and give Vit K warfarin works by inhibiting vitamin K
74
what is the most common cancer of the parotid gland?
muchpidermoid carcinoma it can spread and cause facial nerve palsy
75
sudden sensihoneural hearing loss - what is the next step
urgent referral to ENT as this is an emergency
76
symptoms of Menieres disease
the inner ear has sudden attacks of vertigo and tinnitus happen without a cause or warning dizziness and nausea is often what's seen
77
vestibular schwannoma
it is a brain tumour of the shwan cells causes unilateral hearing loss tinnitus balance issues
78
brachial cyst
cyst that slowly gets larger it moves easily but does not move with swallowing happens post infection
79
what is otosclerosis
it is the thickening of the trabecular part of the bone it causes generalised hearing loss the stapes bone becomes fused with the surrounding bone - so it cannot move with the vibrations patients present with talking quieter as their voice sounds louder in their head they feel like they hear better when their is background noise
80
what is CSF rhinnorhea
happens due to trauma to the face the fronto-basal skull breaks and causes the leak of clear fluid - csf from the nose
81
what is tympanoslceoris
it is the chronic inflammation and scarring of the tympanic membrane due to frequent ear infections it presents with a chalky white patch on the tympanic membrane due to the collagen deposit present with hearing loss
82
what is adenoid cystic carcinoma
it is a salivary tumour of the parotid gland it can invade the facial nerve causing facial nerve palsy and facial pain and swelling of the parotid gland
83
what is the most common parotid malignant cancer
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma - a hard mass - facial nerve palsy and drooping -
84
what are the risk factors for nasopharyngeal cancer
EBV that presents as 'bad tonsillitis' frequent nose bleeds unilateral glue ear do a flexible nasoendoscopy
85
what is a risk factor for paranasal cancer
rhinorrhea for more than 12 weeks swelling and blood stained nasal discharge
86
management for bells palsy
oral prednisolone and eye drops because the prednisolone will reduce the inflammation of the facial nerve and the eye drops stop the eye from drying out
87
what infection increases the risk of oropharyngeal cancer
HPV 16/18 HPV is associated with: 1. Cervical cancer (HPV 16/18 most common) 2. Anal cancer 3. Penile cancer 4. Vulval cancer 5. Oropharyngeal cancer
88
Which cranial nerves does acoustic neuroma affect
cranial nerve VIII: vertigo, unilateral sensorineural hearing loss, unilateral tinnitus cranial nerve V: absent corneal reflex cranial nerve VII: facial palsy
89
Vestibular mononeuritis - what is it
inflammation of the vestibular nerve, following an infection which causes loss of balance - only affects the vestibular nerve

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