Canine Head

Question 1

What is the Dog Cephalic Index Formula

Answer 1

(100 x skull width)/ skull length

Question 2

Dogs with a Dog cephalic index less than 50 are considered

Answer 2

Dolichocephalic

Question 3

Dogs with a Dog cephalic index greater than 100 are considered

Answer 3

Brachycephalic

Question 4

Dogs with a dog cephalic index of 50-100 are considered

Answer 4

Mesaticephalic

Question 5

4 palpable superficial structures are

Answer 5

Infraorbital foramen
Mental foramen
Nuchal and Sagittal Crest
Zygomatic arch/Mandible

Question 6

Define mimetic muscles

Answer 6

Superficial facial expression muscles; associated w/ hyoid apparatus

Question 7

What are the 6 mimetic muscles

Answer 7

1) Orbicularis oris
2) Orbicularis oculi
3) Caninus
4) Buccinator
5) Levator nasolabialis
6) Levator labii superioris

Question 8

Which cranial nerve supplies the mimetic muscles

Answer 8

Facial nerve; CN VII

Question 9

What are the 3 branches of CN VII (Facial n.) that are involved in facial nerve paralysis

Answer 9

1) Palpebral n.
2) Dorsal Buccal n.
3) Ventral Buccal n.

Question 10

3 clinical signs of facial nerve paralysis in dogs and the muscle affected

Answer 10

1) Inability to close eyes- Orbicularis Occuli m.
2) Food in vestibule- Buccinator m.
3) Dropped ear- Rostral and Caudal auricular m.

Question 11

What are the general functions of mastication muscles

Answer 11

To provide and maintain jaw tone

Question 12

Name the 4 mastication muscles

Answer 12

1) Temporalis
2) Masseter
3) Pterygoid (Lateral and Medial)
4) Digastricus

Question 13

What is the function of the Lateral/Medial Pterygoid m.

Answer 13

They close and drop the jaw

Question 14

Which nerve innervates the Lateral/Medial Pterygoid m.

Answer 14

Mandibular n.

Question 15

What is the specific function of the digastricus m.

Answer 15

Open the jaw

Question 16

Which nerve innervate the Caudal portion of the digastricus m.

Answer 16

Facial n.

Question 17

Which nerve innervates the Rostral portion of the digastricus m.

Answer 17

Mandibular n.

Question 18

What is another name for “Mandibular nerve paralysis”

Answer 18

Dropped jaw

Question 19

Where does the parotid salivary gland duct open

Answer 19

Against the upper 4th premolar

Question 20

Location of the Parotid lymph node and what it drains

Answer 20

Rostral to parotid salivary gland; drains the superficial structures dorsal to palate

Question 21

Where does the mandibular salivary gland open up

Answer 21

At the sublingual caruncle

Question 22

Where is the mandibular lymph node located and what does it drain

Answer 22

In the intermandibular space; drains superficial structures

Question 23

Where does the monostomatic sublingual salivary gland open

Answer 23

At the sublingual caruncle

Question 24

Where does the polystomatic sublingual salivary gland open

Answer 24

At the sublingual fold

Question 25

Where does the zygomatic/buccal salivary gland open

Answer 25

Against the upper 2nd molar

Question 26

Where do all of the lymph nodes of the head drain to

Answer 26

First, into the medial retropharyngeal lymph node and then the tracheal duct

Question 27

Define “ranula”

Answer 27

Pathological dilation of the sublingual salivary gland duct (confined to oral floor)

Question 28

Define “Mucocele”

Answer 28

Collection of mucoid saliva in the surrounding tissues

Question 29

What is Keratoconjuctivitis sica (KCS)?

Answer 29

Eye condition characterized by dryness and lack of tear production

Question 30

How do you treat Keratoconjunctivitis sica (KCS)?

Answer 30

Transposition of parotid duct into conjunctival sac to compensate for compromised tear production

Question 31

What are the Dorsal, Ventral, and Caudal borders of the oral cavity proper

Answer 31

Dorsal- Hard and soft palate Ventral-Tongue and mucosa Caudal- Tongue, soft palate, and palatoglossal arch

Question 32

What is the permanent dog dental formula

Answer 32

2x (I3/3; C1/1; P4/4; M2/3)= 42

Question 33

What is the temporary dog dental formula

Answer 33

2x ( I3/3; C1/1; P3/3)= 28 Sectorial/Shearing tooth: upper p4 and lower M1

Question 34

What is the permanent dental formula for cats

Answer 34

2x (I3/3; C1/1; P3/2; M1/1)= 30

Question 35

What is the temporary dental formula for cats

Answer 35

2x ( I3/3; C1/1; P3/2)= 26

Question 36

When is it necessary to perform a nerve blocking of the palpebral branch of the facial nerve (CN VII)

Answer 36

During eye examinations

Question 37

At what level would you block the palpebral branch of CN VII

Answer 37

The level of the zygomatic arch

Question 38

Where does the infraorbital (maxillary) nerve emerge from

Answer 38

The infraorbital foramen

Question 39

Which procedures require blocking of the infraorbital (maxillary) nerve

Answer 39

Minor procedures in the upper lip, canines, and incisors

Question 40

Which nerves make up the mental nerves

Answer 40

Inferior-alveolar and Mandibular

Question 41

What procedures require blocking of the mental nerves

Answer 41

Minor procedures in the lower lip, incisors, and canines

Question 42

Which papillae of the tongue are mechanical

Answer 42

Filiform/Conical

Question 43

Which papillae are for taste

Answer 43

Fungiform, Vallate, and Foliate

Question 44

Where is the Lyssa located on the tongue

Answer 44

On the ventral surface

Question 45

Name the 4 extrinisic tongue muscles

Answer 45

1) Geniohyoideus m. 2) Styloglossus m. 3) Hyoglossus m. 4) Genioglossus m.

Question 46

General function of extrinsic muscles of the tongue is to

Answer 46

Move the tongue

Question 47

General function of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue

Answer 47

Stiffens the tongue

Question 48

How do the fibers of the intrinsic tongue muscles run

Answer 48

Longitudinally, transversely, and vertically

Question 49

What are the two types of hypoglossal nerve injury

Answer 49

1) paralysis of extrinsic muscles 2) paralysis of ipsilateral muscles

Question 50

What happens during the paralysis of the extrinsic tongue muscles during a hypoglossal nerve injury

Answer 50

Inability to protrude the tongue

Question 51

What happens during the paralysis of the ipsilateral tongue muscles during a hypoglossal nerve injury

Answer 51

Tongue deviates towards injured side

Question 52

List the 5 constrictors of the pharynx

Answer 52

1) Pterygopharyngeus 2) Palatopharyngeus 3) Hyopharyngeus 4) Thyropharyngeus 5) Cricopharyngeus

Question 53

What is the dilator muscle of the pharynx

Answer 53

Stylopharyngeus m.

Question 54

What are the 5 general parts of the larynx

Answer 54

1) Hyoid apparatus 2) Epiglottis 3) Thyroid 4) Arytenoid 5) Cricoid

Question 55

Where does the laryngeal vestibule extend

Answer 55

From the laryngeal entrance to the vocal fold

Question 56

Another name for the glottic clef is

Answer 56

Rima glottidis

Question 57

Where is the infra glottic space

Answer 57

Between the vocal fold to the trachea

Question 58

The glottis is formed by which two structures

Answer 58

Vestibule and the glottic cleft

Question 59

Name the two laryngeal constrictors

Answer 59

1) Thyroarytenoideus 2) Cricoaytenoideus lateralis

Question 60

What are the two laryngeal dilators

Answer 60

1) Cricoarytenoideus dorsalis 2) Arytenoideus transversus

Question 61

During breathing, what happens

Answer 61

Air goes into the nasopharynx from the nasal cavity, passes through the larynx, and enters the trachea. The arytenoid cartilages open and block the oral cavity and esophagus The soft palate is lowered

Question 62

During swallowing, what happens

Answer 62

The food enters the oral cavity, then the oropharynx, and finally goes through the esophagus The arytenoid cartilages close, which blocks the entrance to the trachea. The soft palate is raised

Question 63

Describe laryngeal hemiplegia

Answer 63

Paralysis of the cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle, which causes: laxity in vocal fold, narrower glottis, and obstructed airways

Question 64

What is BAS and which breed is it mostly seen in

Answer 64

Brachycephalic airway syndrome; obese dogs

Question 65

Describe BAS

Answer 65

When the redundant mucous membrane tightens during swallowing, entrapping the epiglottis by the aryepiglottic fold

Question 66

How do you treat BAS

Answer 66

Axial transection of aryepiglottic fold using bistoury

Question 67

Tympanic bulla osteotomies give access to

Answer 67

The middle ear