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Anatomy > Vertebral Column > Flashcards

Vertebral Column Flashcards

1
Q

4 Functions of the vertebral column

A

1) Support Body and maintaining posture
2) Protect the structures of the neck, thorax, abdomen, and pelvis
3) Protect the spinal cord
4) Help with progression

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2
Q

Name the 5 regions of the vertebral column

A

Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Caudal

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3
Q

Area that the Lumbar Vertebrae is in is called

A

Loin

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4
Q

Area the sacral vertebrae cover is called

A

Croup

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5
Q

Area the caudal vertebrae cover is called

A

Tail

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6
Q

Vertebral formula for dog

A

C7,T13, L7, S3, Cd20-23

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7
Q

Vertebral Column for cats

A

C7, T13, L7, S3, Cd21-23

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8
Q

What 2 structures make up the arch in a vertebrae

A

Lamina and Pedicle

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9
Q

Hemilaminectomy/Laminectomy are

A

Removal of 1 lamina/Removal of both laminae

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10
Q

What are 6 major structures on the vertebra

A

1) Body
2) Arch
3)Vertebral Foramen
4)Spine
5) Transverse Process
6) Cranial and Caudal articular surfaces

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11
Q

What 2 structures does the Atlas lack

A

Spine and Body

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12
Q

What are two distinguishable features the Atlas has

A

Modified articular processes and Thick transverse processes (wings)

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13
Q

What are the 3 distinguishable features of the Axis

A

Elongated spine, dens that projects cranially, and cranial articular surface located in the body and continuous with the articulation area of dens

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14
Q

What does the 7th cervical vertebrae lack

A

Transverse foramen

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15
Q

Which cervical vertebrae has the tallest spine

A

C7

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16
Q

What foramen does the 1st cervical spinal nerve pass through

A

Lateral Vertebral Foramen

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17
Q

What does the vertebral artery and vein pass through

A

Transverse foramen

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18
Q

Spinal nerves and spinal blood vessels pass through what

A

Intervertebral Foramen

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19
Q

What do the thoracic vertebrae articulate with

A

Ribs

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20
Q

Where does the rib head articulate with the thoracic vertebrae

A

In the cranial and caudal costal foveae (demifacets)

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21
Q

Where does the rib tubercle articulate with the thoracic vertebrae

A

Transverse foveae

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22
Q

The spinous process of T11 is described as

A

Anticlinal

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23
Q

T1-T3 all have spinous processes that are

A

The same length

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24
Q

4 characteristics to describe Lumbar vertebrae

A

1) Longer, uniform bodies
2) Long transverse processes
3) Absence of costal facets
4) Short, cranially pointing spine

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25
Q

Fused spine of sacral vertebrae is called

A

Medial sacral crest (is palpable)

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26
Q

The 2 pairs of foramen in the sacrum are called

A

Dorsal sacral foramina and Ventral sacral foramina

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27
Q

Which two spinal nerves pass through the dorsal and ventral sacral foramina

A

1st and 2nd sacral spinal nerves

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28
Q

The auricular surface with the ilium is called

A

Sacroiliac join

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29
Q

The sacroiliac joints are what type of joint

A

Synovial/Fibrous

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30
Q

Sacroiliac joints serve what functions

A

Shock absorption, add firmness

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31
Q

What is the average number of caudal vertebrae

A

20

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32
Q

As the caudal vertebrae proceed caudally, what happens

A

They lose distinctive features

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33
Q

What are the two main types of joints in the vertebral column

A

Cartilaginous and Synovial

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34
Q

Where are cartilaginous joints found in the vertebral column

A

Intervertebral disks (between vertebral bodies)

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35
Q

What are 3 types of synovial joints found in the vertebral column

A

Plane, Hinge/Ginglymus, and Pivot

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36
Q

What type of joint are articular processes

A

Plane

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37
Q

What type of joint is the Atlanto-occipital joint

A

Hinge/Ginglymus

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38
Q

What type of joint is the atlanto-axial joint

A

Pivot

39
Q

Between which two cervical vertebrae are the intervertebral disks missing

A

The 1st and 2nd cervical vertebrae

40
Q

The annulus fibrosis is

A

The outer fibrous ring of the intervertebral disks

41
Q

The nucleus pulposus is

A

The gel-like center of the intervertebral disk made of fluid and cartilage

42
Q

What vertebral ligament is present in dogs but not cats

A

Nuchal ligament

43
Q

The yellow ligament(interactuate/Flava) is located

A

Between the vertebral arches

44
Q

Interspinous ligament is located

A

Obliquely across intercostal space (between spines of vertebrae)

45
Q

Supraspinatous ligament is a caudal continuation of which ligament

A

Nuchal ligament

46
Q

Which ligament extends from the 8th thoracic vertebra to sacrum

A

Ventral longitudinal ligament

47
Q

What are 2 characteristics of the dorsal longitudinal ligament

A

Extends from axis to sacrum and is well developed in the cervical region compared to the caudal thorax and lumbar

48
Q

What is the location of the intercapital ligament

A

Between rib heads T2-T10

49
Q

At which 3 locations can you perform a spinal tap

A

1) atlanto-occipital space
2) atlanto-axial space
3) Lumbo-sacral space

50
Q

3 common clinical conditions pertaining to the vertebral column are

A

1) intervertabral disk disease
2) wobbler’s syndrome
3) lumbosacral stenosis

51
Q

Synonyms of Intevertebral disk diseases(IVDD) are

A

Disc rupture, Herniation, Slipped disc

52
Q

What happens in IVDD

A

Nucleus pulposus degenerates, annulus fibrosis cracks, nuclear content extrudes upwards and compresses spinal cord/nerve root. Mostly in thoracolumbar area

53
Q

What breeds are more susceptible to IVDD

A

Chondrodystrophoid breeds (Dachshunds, Beagles, Basset Hounds, and Poodles)

54
Q

What is Wobbler’s disorder

A

Degenerative disorder associated w/ vertebral malformation that leads to narrowing of vertebral canal and spinal cord/nerve root compression

55
Q

Which breeds are more disposed to Wobbler’s disorder

A

Great Danes and Doberman Pinschers

56
Q

What are two signs of Wobbler’s

A

Ataxia in rear limbs and flexed neck

57
Q

Lumbosacral stenosis is also called

A

Cauda Equina Syndrome

58
Q

What 4 things characterize Lumbosacral Stenosis

A

Severe back/tail pain, difficulty rising, urination incontinence, and muscular paresis/paralysis

59
Q

Lumbosacral Stenosis causes arthritic changes between which vertebrae

A

L7 to the Sacrum

60
Q

Lumbosacral stenosis is

A

The narrowing of the vertebral canal and nerve root compression

61
Q

How would you decide to take a medical treatment approach for Lumbosacral Stenosis

A

If the animal shows minor neurological deficits and is in low grade pain

62
Q

How would you decide to take a surgical approach to treat Lumbosacral Stenosis

A

If the animal has persistent and severe pain, difficulty walking and standing

63
Q

What are some medical treatments for Lumbosacral Stenosis

A

Anti-inflammatory drugs, muscle relaxants, and rest

64
Q

How would you surgically treat Lumbosacral Stenosis

A

Remove the extruded disc material to relieve pressure

65
Q

What type of breeds are predisposed to Lumbosacral Stenosis

A

Large breeds from 3-7 years old

66
Q

What are 4 decompressive surgeries

A

Fenestration, Ventral Slot, Hemilaminectomy, Dorsal laminectomy

67
Q

What is the Fenestration Surgery technique

A

disk space is opened, and the nucleus pulposus is removed without entering the spinal canal

68
Q

What is the ventral slot technique

A

Ventral approach of the spinal cord through bone
(Only done with cervical disk cases)

69
Q

What is the hemilaminectomy technique

A

Approach of the spinal cord from the right or left side
(Usually done with thoracolumbar disk)

70
Q

What is the dorsal laminectomy technique

A

Dorsal approach of the spinal cord
(Performed in some cervical, thoracolumbar, and lumbar disc cases)

71
Q

3 major parts of a rib

A

Head, tuberculum, and body

72
Q

What does the rib head articulate with

A

Costal foveae of 2 successive vertebrae

73
Q

What does the rib tubercle articulate with

A

Transverse costal foveae

74
Q

Which ribs articulate with the sternum

A

The first 9

75
Q

Which 3 ribs form the costal arch

A

Ribs 10, 11, and 12

76
Q

Another term for the 13th rib

A

Floating rib

77
Q

Manubrium is

A

The 1st sternebra

78
Q

Xiphoid process is

A

Last sternebra

79
Q

Xiphoid cartilage is

A

The caudal end of the process

80
Q

Sternum has ___ unpaired segments

A

8

81
Q

4 joints of the thorax

A

1) costo-vertebral
2) costo-transverse
3) costo-sternal
4) intersternal

82
Q

Costo-vertebral joint is classified as a

A

Ball and socket joint

83
Q

Costo-trsansverse joint is classified as

A

Plane joint

84
Q

Costo-sternal joint is classified as

A

Synovial hinge joint

85
Q

Intersternal joint is classified as a

A

Cartilagenous joint

86
Q

What is the action for all 3 epaxial muscle systems

A

To extend the vertebral column

87
Q

What are the 3 epaxial muscle systems

A

Iliocostalis, longissimus, and Transversospinalis

88
Q

What are the two parts of the iliocostalis system

A

Lumborum and thoracis regions

89
Q

What are the 4 parts of the longissimus system

A

Lumborum, thoracis, cervicis, and capitis

90
Q

What are the 2 parts of the transversospinalis muscle

A

Splenius and semispinalis muscles

91
Q

What is the function of the hypaxial muscles

A

To flex the vertebral column

92
Q

What are the 5 hypaxial muscles of the neck

A

Longus capitis, Longus colli, Sternocephalicus, Sternothyroideus, and Sternohyoideus

93
Q

What are the 6 hypaxial muscles of the thoracic wall

A

Scalenus, Serratus ventralis, Serratus dorsalis (Cranialis and Caudalis) External intercostal, Internal intercostal, and rectus thoracis

Anatomy (10 decks)

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