Carbohydrate metabolism

Question 0

Major source of energy in the body

Answer 0

Glucose

Question 1

Other name of Glycolysis

Answer 1

Embden Meyerhof

Question 2

Where does glycolysis occurs? (Found in)

Answer 2

Cytosol

Question 3

2 types of glycolysis

Answer 3

Aerobic

Anaerobic

Question 4

Occurs in the presence of oxygen

Answer 4

Aerobic

Question 5

Absence or low oxygen tension

Answer 5

Anaerobic

Question 6

Phase: Step 1 to step 5

Answer 6

Preparatory phase

Question 7

ATP is invested / expended / used

Answer 7

Preparatory phase

Question 8

ATP is synthesized : step 6-10

Answer 8

Pay-off phase

Question 9

Cannot go glycolysis directly

Trap the glucose

Answer 9

Step 1: Phosphorylation of glucose

Question 10

Step 1:

Enzyme:

Answer 10

Phosphorylation of Glucose

Hexokinase
Glucokinase

Irreversible

Question 11

Why does glycolysis cannot go directly in step1?

Answer 11

Because glucose can easily be diffused in the blood

Question 12

To trap the glucose it must undergo?

Answer 12

Phosphorylation

Question 13

Used when glycolysis occurs in the liver 
Low affinity to glucose 
Not inhibited by its product
Active after meals
Large KM

Answer 13

Glucokinase

Question 14

Occurs in the other organs of the body / muscle cells / other tissues
Higher affinity to glucose
INHIBITED by its product
Small KM

Answer 14

Hexokinase

Question 15

Product of Glucokinase

Answer 15

Glucose 6 phosphate

Question 16

Step 2:

Enzyme:

Answer 16

Conversion of Glucose 6-phosphate to Fructose 6-phosphate

Phosphohexose isomerase

Reversible

Question 17

Common of step 1 and 3

Answer 17

Both has Magnesium and ATP

Question 18

Repel the negative charges of the phosphate group

Answer 18

Magnesium

Question 19

Conversion of pyran to furan

Split the glucose

Answer 19

Step 2: Conversion of glucose 6-phosphate to Fructose 6-phosphate

Question 20

Step 3:

Enzyme:

Answer 20

Phosphorylation of Fructose 6-phosphate to Fructose 1-6, Biphosphate

Phosphofructokinase 1

Irreversible (2nd)

Question 21

Important player in glycolysis

Catalyzes committed step

Answer 21

Phosphofrutokinase 1 (PFK 1)

Question 22

Step 4:

Enzyme:

Answer 22

Cleavage of Fructose 1,6-Biphosphate

Aldolase

Question 23

How many carbons in fructose 1,6 Biphosphate?

Answer 23

6 carbons

Question 24

Breaking / splitting 6 carbon to 3 carbon

Answer 24

Step 4: cleavage of fructose 1,6- Biphosphate

Question 25

2 high energy compounds

Answer 25

Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase 1,3-Biphosphoglycerate

Question 26

Forms when 6C splits to 3C | Both TRIOSES

Answer 26

Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

Question 27

Used in bacteria and fungi

Answer 27

Type 2 aldolase

Question 28

Used in humans and animals

Answer 28

Type 1 aldolase

Question 29

Step 5: | Enzyme:

Answer 29

Interconversion of the triose phosphate Triose phosphate isomerase

Question 30

The only one to go to the next step | End step of preparatory stage

Answer 30

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

Question 31

Forming ATP

Answer 31

Pay-off phase

Question 32

Step 6: | Enzyme:

Answer 32

Oxidation of Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate to 1,3- Biphosphate Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate dehydrogenase

Question 33

``` Electron carrier ATP carrier (3) ```

Answer 33

NADH

Question 34

Glyceraldehyde 3-P + inorganic phosphate

Answer 34

1,3-Biphosphoglycerate

Question 35

High energy phosphate

Answer 35

1,3-Biphosphoglycerate

Question 36

ADP + Phosphoryl group

Answer 36

ATP

Question 37

Step 7: | Enzyme:

Answer 37

Phosphoryl transfer from 1,3-Biphosphoglycerate to ADP Phosphoglycerate kinase

Question 38

Substrate level of Phosphorylation

Answer 38

Step 7: Phosphoryl transfer from 1,3 Biphosphoglycerate to ADP

Question 39

Step 8: | Enzyme:

Answer 39

Conversion of 3-Phosphoglycerate to 2 Phosphoglycerate E: Phosphoglycerate mutase

Question 40

Step 9: | Enzyme:

Answer 40

Dehydration of 2-Phosphoglycerate to Phosphoenolpyruvate Enolase

Question 41

High energy phosphate

Answer 41

Phosphoenolpyruvate

Question 42

Step 10: | Enzyme:

Answer 42

Transfer of Phosphoryl group from Phosphoenolpyruvafe to ADP E: Pyruvate kinase

Question 43

Second substrate level of phosphorylation in payoff stage has a very large Negative standard free energy change Irreversible (3rd)

Answer 43

Step 10: Transfer of Phosphoryl group from PEP to ADP

Question 44

Has ability to transfer Phosphoryl group

Answer 44

Kinase

Question 45

Enzymes that can undergo substrate level phosphorylation

Answer 45

Pyruvate kinase | Phosphoglycerate kinase

Question 46

Input of 1 glucose, 2 ATP | Output of 2 glyceraldehyde-3-P molecules (GAP)

Answer 46

Preparatory phase

Question 47

Input of 1-GAP molecule | Output of 2 ATP and 1 NADH2

Answer 47

Pay-off phase

Question 48

Glucose undergo GLYCOLYSIS and KREBS CYCLE

Answer 48

Complete oxidation

Question 49

Shuttle Mechanisms

Answer 49

Malate-Aspartate shuttle | Glycerol Phosphate shuttle

Question 50

Enter the ETC through complex I most active in LIVER, KIDNEY, HEART, MITOCHONDRIA REVERSIBLE

Answer 50

Malate Aspartate shuttle

Question 51

Enter the ETc through COMPLEX II active in SKELETAL MUSCLE and BRAIN IRREVERSIBLE

Answer 51

Glycerol Phosphate shuttle

Question 52

Transferring an amino group (Aspartate to glutamate)

Answer 52

Transaminations

Question 53

8 ATP

Answer 53

Malate

Question 54

6 ATP

Answer 54

Glycerol

Question 55

3 Irreversible kinase reactions

Answer 55

Hexokinase or Glucokinase Phosphofructokinase 1 Pyruvate Kinase

Question 56

2 products of Anaerobic

Answer 56

Lactate | Ethanol

Question 57

Forms when there is rapidly contracting muscle// RBC

Answer 57

Lactate

Question 58

Process of ethanol + Co2

Answer 58

Fermentation

Question 59

Regulating enzymes ; catalyze irreversible steps

Answer 59

Hexokinase or Glucokinase Phosphofructokinase 1 Pyruvate Kinase

Question 60

Hormones

Answer 60

Glucagon Epinephrine Insulin Somastotin

Question 61

Found in muscle ; Low KM Inhibitor: Activator:

Answer 61

Hexokinase I: Glucose 6-phosphate A: Glucose

Question 62

Found in the liver ; High KM Inhibitor: Activator:

Answer 62

Glucokinase I: P6P A: glucose Insulin