Shuttle mechanism & Regulation

Question 0

Enter the ETC through complex I

Answer 0

Malate aspartate shuttle

Question 1

Shuttle mechanism

Answer 1

Malate aspartate shuttle

Glycerol phosphate shuttle

Question 2

Most active NADH shuttle that functions in the LIVER, KIDNEY and heart

Answer 2

Malate aspartate shuttle

Question 3

Enter the etc through complex II

Answer 3

Glycerol phosphate shuttle

Question 4

Transfer reducing equivalents from NADH in SKELETAL MUSCLE and BRAIN

Answer 4

Glycerol phosphate shuttle

Question 5

Shuttle mechanism
Reversible:
Irreversible:

Answer 5

R: malate aspartate
Irre: glycerol phosphate

Question 6

Number of atp formed in glycolysis
Malate shuttle:
Glycerol shuttle:

Answer 6

M: 8 atp
G: 6 atp

Question 7

When glucose enters GLYCOLYSIS and undergo KREBS CYCLE

Answer 7

Complete oxidation

Question 8

Pyruvate must be converted to ___

Oxidize NAD to ____

Answer 8

Acetyl coA

NADH

Question 9

How many atp if glucose is converted to acetyl coA?

Answer 9

12/14 depends on shuttle system

Question 10

How many ATP in 1 mol of acetyl coA

Answer 10

12 ATP

Question 11

2 acetyl coa= _ ATP

Answer 11

24 atp

Question 12

How many mol of ATP produced if 1mol of glucose undergoes COMPLETE OXIDATION?

Answer 12

36/38 ATP depends on shuttle system

Question 13

2 types of glycolysis

Answer 13

AEROBIC

ANAEROBIC

Question 14

Type of glycolysis that forms pyruvate

Answer 14

Aerobic glycolysis

Question 15

Type of glycolysis that forms lactate, ethanol and CO2

Answer 15

Anaerobic glycolysis

Question 16

Fermentation of lactate in

Answer 16

Rapidly contracting muscle

Rbc

Question 17

Fermentation of ethanol in

Answer 17

Yeast

Question 18

Fates of pyruvate: what enzymes?
Product:
1. Lactate
2. Pyruvate
3. Oxaloacetate
4. Ethanol

Answer 18

Enzymes:

1. Lactate DH
2. Pyruvate DH
3. Pyruvate carboxylase
4. Pyruvate decarboxylase & alcohol DH

Question 19

Common mechanism of metabolic regulation

Answer 19

Allosteric regulation
*Covalent modification
Hormonal regulation

Question 20

Feed back inhibition or feed forward activation

Answer 20

Allosteric regulation

Question 21

Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation

Answer 21

Covalent modification

Question 22

Enzyme: HEXOKINASE
Found in:
Km:
Inhibitor:
Activator:

Answer 22

Muscle
Low km
Inhibitor: glucose 6-phosphate (allosteric effector)
Activator: glucose

Question 23

Enzyme: GLUCOKINASE
Found in:
Km:
Inhibitor:
Activator:

Answer 23

Liver
High km
Inhibitor: fructose 6 phosphate
Activator: glucose, insulin (hormonal effector) ,

Question 24

When the glucose in the blood is ⬆️ it will enter the..

Answer 24

Liver

Question 25

Major regulatory enzyme: PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE Inhibitor: Activator:

Answer 25

``` Inhibitor: ATP (allosteric effector) Citrate Activator: AMP ADP Fructose 2,6 bisphosphate ```

Question 26

Enzyme: PFK-2 Inhibitor: Activator: Regulated by:

Answer 26

I: glucagon A: insulin R: hormonal effectors and covalent modification

Question 27

Enzyme: PYRUVATE KINASE Inhibitor: Activator:

Answer 27

I: Atp, Alanine A: fructose 1,6 bisphosphate, adp

Question 28

Phosphorylation ( Inactive form) Dephosphorylation ( active form) Under hormone control.. Inhibitor: Activator:

Answer 28

Inhibitor: Glucagon & epinephrine Activator: insulin

Question 29

Sugar found in adipose tissue

Answer 29

Fructose

Question 30

Metabolic intermediate of glycolysis

Answer 30

Glucose 6 phosphate

Question 31

Mono that can undergo glycolysis by converting it into intermediate

Answer 31

Fructose & galactose