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BIOCHEM > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

may be defined as alcohol or aldehyde derivatives of polyhydroxy alcohols or as compounds that yield these derivatives on hydrolysis

A

carbohydrates

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2
Q

they are the most abundant molecules on earth produced by photosynthesis

A

carbohydrates

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3
Q

it means “containing several alcohol group”

A

polyhydroxy

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4
Q

what are the main sources of energy in the body

A

carbohydrates

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5
Q

__________ and __________ are almost wholly dependent on carbohydrates as the energy source

A

brain cells and RBCs

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6
Q

storage form of energy

A

starch and glycogen

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7
Q

excess carbohydrate is converted to __________

A

fat

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8
Q

what are the components of cell membranes and plasma membranes

A

glycoproteins and glycolipids

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9
Q

what is the structural basis of many organisms: cellulose of plants; exoskeleton of insects, cell wall of microorganisms

A

carbohydrates

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10
Q

molecules having only one actual or potential sugar group

A

monosaccharides

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11
Q

when two monosaccharides are combined together with elimination of a water molecule (dehydration)

A

disaccharide

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12
Q

they are commonly known as oligosaccharides

A

trisaccharides (3), tetrasaccharides (4), pentasaccharides (5), and so on

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13
Q

when more than 10 sugar units are combined

A

polysaccharides

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14
Q

sugars having aldehyde group

A

aldoses

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15
Q

sugars with keto group

A

ketoses

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16
Q

compounds having same molecular formula, but different in spatial configuration

A

stereoisomers

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17
Q

one of two stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other that are non-superposable (not identical)

A

enantiomers

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18
Q

they are class of stereoisomers that are non-superposable, non-mirror images of one another

A

epimers

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19
Q

when the OH group is on the right

A

D-Glucose
dextrorotatory

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20
Q

when the OH group is on the left

A

L-Glucose
levorotatory

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21
Q

are naturally occuring sugars

A

D-sugars

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22
Q

used to increase a person’s blood sugar

A

D-glucose or dextrose

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23
Q

when the OH groups are at the top

A

D-mannose

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24
Q

when the OH groups are at the bottom

A

D-galactose

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25
Q

what is the general formula of monosaccharides

A

Cn(H2O)n

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26
Q

monosaccharides are the simplest __________

A

simplest carbohydrates

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27
Q

they are aldehydes or ketones with two or more hydroxyl groups

A

monosaccharides

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28
Q

important fuel molecules as well as building blocks for nucleic acids

A

monosaccharides

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29
Q

what are the functions of monosaccharides within cells

A

used to produce and store energy
used to form long fibers

30
Q

oxygen will bind to a hydrogen

A

Hydroxyl group (OH group)

31
Q

one of the carbons in the chain will form a double bond with an oxygen

A

carbonyl group

32
Q

if this carbonyl occurs at the end of the chain

A

aldose family

33
Q

if the carboxyl group is in the middle of the chain

A

ketose family

34
Q

from Greek word for sweet wine; grape sugar, blood sugar, dextrose

A

glucose

35
Q

greek word for milk-‘galact’, found as a component of lactose in milk

A

galactose

36
Q

latin word for fruit-‘fructus’, also known as levulose, found in fruits and honey; sweetest sugar

A

fructose

37
Q

__________ and __________ are found in the backbone structure of RNA and DNA, respectively

A

ribose and deoxyribose

38
Q

most predominant sugar in human body
it is the major source of energy

A

glucose

39
Q

plants store these long chains of glucose as __________, which can be disassembled and used as energy later

A

starch

40
Q

animals store chains of glucose in the __________ __________, which can store a lot of energy

A

polysaccharide glycogen

41
Q

is converted to glucose in liver and then utilized as a fuel

A

galactose

42
Q

a constituent of lactose (milk sugar)

A

aldose

43
Q

it is naturally produced by most mammals, allowing mammals to use __________ in milk to give energy to their offspring

A

galactose

44
Q

fruit sugar - naturally in abundance in fruits

A

fructose

45
Q

__________ has a unique sweetness, texture, rate of digestion, and degree of absorption that is different from glucose

A

fructose

46
Q

what is the chemical formula of disaccharides

A

C12H22O11

47
Q

disaccharides are formed through __________ reactions in which a total of one water molecule is removed from the two monosaccharides

A

dehydration

48
Q

glucose + fructose
sweetening agent known as cane sugar

A

sucrose

49
Q

glucose + galactose
sugar present in milk
most mammals can only digest __________ as infants, and lose this ability as they mature

A

lactose

50
Q

product of anaerobic metabolism

A

lactate or lactic acid

51
Q

glucose + glucose
known as malt sugar
component of beer, starchy foods like cereal, pasta, and potatoes, and many sweetened processed foods

A

maltose

52
Q

large molecule made of many smaller monosaccharides
also called a glycan

A

polysaccharide

53
Q

__________ in which all the monosaccharides are the same

A

homoglycan

54
Q

__________ in which the monosaccharides vary

A

heteroglycan

55
Q

a straight chain of monosaccharides

A

linear polysaccharide

56
Q

a chain that has arms and turns

A

branched polysaccharide

57
Q

what are the key functions of polysaccharides

A

for storage
for structural support

58
Q

sources: potatoes, tapioca, cereals (rice, wheat), and other food grains

A

starch

59
Q

reserve carbohydrate of plant kingdom
composed of amylose which is linear in nature and amylopectin which is highly branched

A

starch

60
Q

reserve carbohydrate in animals
it is stored in liver and muscle

A

glycogen

61
Q

about 5% of weight of liver is made up by __________
excess carbohydrates are deposited as __________

A

glycogen

62
Q

supporting tissues of plants
99% of cotton, 50% of wood and is the most abundant organic material in nature

A

cellulose

63
Q

this enzyme is absent in animal and human digestive system, and hence __________ cannot be digested

A

cellulose

64
Q

part of large intestine - harbor bacteria

A

caecum

65
Q

__________ also digest cellulose with the help of intestinal bacteria

A

white ants (termites)

66
Q

it is present in exoskeletons of crustacea and insects

A

chitin

67
Q

both cellulose and __________ form long, linear chains
these chains form long fibers, which are deposited outside the cell membrane, which increases hydrogen bonding

A

chitin

68
Q

from sea weeds
it contains galactose, glucose, and other sugars

A

agar

69
Q

cannot be digested by bacteria and hence used widely as a supporting agent to culture bacterial colonies

A

agar

70
Q

it is present in connective tissues, tendons, and synovial fluid
it serves as a lubricant in joint cavities

A

hyaluronic acid

71
Q

it is an anticoagulant widely used when taking blood in vitro for clinical studies

A

heparin

72
Q

is present in liver, lungs, spleen, and monocytes

A

heparin

BIOCHEM (9 decks)

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