Carbohydrates

Question 1

may be defined as alcohol or aldehyde derivatives of polyhydroxy alcohols or as compounds that yield these derivatives on hydrolysis

Answer 1

carbohydrates

Question 2

they are the most abundant molecules on earth produced by photosynthesis

Answer 2

carbohydrates

Question 3

it means “containing several alcohol group”

Answer 3

polyhydroxy

Question 4

what are the main sources of energy in the body

Answer 4

carbohydrates

Question 5

__________ and __________ are almost wholly dependent on carbohydrates as the energy source

Answer 5

brain cells and RBCs

Question 6

storage form of energy

Answer 6

starch and glycogen

Question 7

excess carbohydrate is converted to __________

Answer 7

fat

Question 8

what are the components of cell membranes and plasma membranes

Answer 8

glycoproteins and glycolipids

Question 9

what is the structural basis of many organisms: cellulose of plants; exoskeleton of insects, cell wall of microorganisms

Answer 9

carbohydrates

Question 10

molecules having only one actual or potential sugar group

Answer 10

monosaccharides

Question 11

when two monosaccharides are combined together with elimination of a water molecule (dehydration)

Answer 11

disaccharide

Question 12

they are commonly known as oligosaccharides

Answer 12

trisaccharides (3), tetrasaccharides (4), pentasaccharides (5), and so on

Question 13

when more than 10 sugar units are combined

Answer 13

polysaccharides

Question 14

sugars having aldehyde group

Answer 14

aldoses

Question 15

sugars with keto group

Answer 15

ketoses

Question 16

compounds having same molecular formula, but different in spatial configuration

Answer 16

stereoisomers

Question 17

one of two stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other that are non-superposable (not identical)

Answer 17

enantiomers

Question 18

they are class of stereoisomers that are non-superposable, non-mirror images of one another

Answer 18

epimers

Question 19

when the OH group is on the right

Answer 19

D-Glucose
dextrorotatory

Question 20

when the OH group is on the left

Answer 20

L-Glucose
levorotatory

Question 21

are naturally occuring sugars

Answer 21

D-sugars

Question 22

used to increase a person’s blood sugar

Answer 22

D-glucose or dextrose

Question 23

when the OH groups are at the top

Answer 23

D-mannose

Question 24

when the OH groups are at the bottom

Answer 24

D-galactose

Question 25

what is the general formula of monosaccharides

Answer 25

Cn(H2O)n

Question 26

monosaccharides are the simplest __________

Answer 26

simplest carbohydrates

Question 27

they are aldehydes or ketones with two or more hydroxyl groups

Answer 27

monosaccharides

Question 28

important fuel molecules as well as building blocks for nucleic acids

Answer 28

monosaccharides

Question 29

what are the functions of monosaccharides within cells

Answer 29

used to produce and store energy used to form long fibers

Question 30

oxygen will bind to a hydrogen

Answer 30

Hydroxyl group (OH group)

Question 31

one of the carbons in the chain will form a double bond with an oxygen

Answer 31

carbonyl group

Question 32

if this carbonyl occurs at the end of the chain

Answer 32

aldose family

Question 33

if the carboxyl group is in the middle of the chain

Answer 33

ketose family

Question 34

from Greek word for sweet wine; grape sugar, blood sugar, dextrose

Answer 34

glucose

Question 35

greek word for milk-'galact', found as a component of lactose in milk

Answer 35

galactose

Question 36

latin word for fruit-'fructus', also known as levulose, found in fruits and honey; sweetest sugar

Answer 36

fructose

Question 37

__________ and __________ are found in the backbone structure of RNA and DNA, respectively

Answer 37

ribose and deoxyribose

Question 38

most predominant sugar in human body it is the major source of energy

Answer 38

glucose

Question 39

plants store these long chains of glucose as __________, which can be disassembled and used as energy later

Answer 39

starch

Question 40

animals store chains of glucose in the __________ __________, which can store a lot of energy

Answer 40

polysaccharide glycogen

Question 41

is converted to glucose in liver and then utilized as a fuel

Answer 41

galactose

Question 42

a constituent of lactose (milk sugar)

Answer 42

aldose

Question 43

it is naturally produced by most mammals, allowing mammals to use __________ in milk to give energy to their offspring

Answer 43

galactose

Question 44

fruit sugar - naturally in abundance in fruits

Answer 44

fructose

Question 45

__________ has a unique sweetness, texture, rate of digestion, and degree of absorption that is different from glucose

Answer 45

fructose

Question 46

what is the chemical formula of disaccharides

Answer 46

C12H22O11

Question 47

disaccharides are formed through __________ reactions in which a total of one water molecule is removed from the two monosaccharides

Answer 47

dehydration

Question 48

glucose + fructose sweetening agent known as cane sugar

Answer 48

sucrose

Question 49

glucose + galactose sugar present in milk most mammals can only digest __________ as infants, and lose this ability as they mature

Answer 49

lactose

Question 50

product of anaerobic metabolism

Answer 50

lactate or lactic acid

Question 51

glucose + glucose known as malt sugar component of beer, starchy foods like cereal, pasta, and potatoes, and many sweetened processed foods

Answer 51

maltose

Question 52

large molecule made of many smaller monosaccharides also called a glycan

Answer 52

polysaccharide

Question 53

__________ in which all the monosaccharides are the same

Answer 53

homoglycan

Question 54

__________ in which the monosaccharides vary

Answer 54

heteroglycan

Question 55

a straight chain of monosaccharides

Answer 55

linear polysaccharide

Question 56

a chain that has arms and turns

Answer 56

branched polysaccharide

Question 57

what are the key functions of polysaccharides

Answer 57

for storage for structural support

Question 58

sources: potatoes, tapioca, cereals (rice, wheat), and other food grains

Answer 58

starch

Question 59

reserve carbohydrate of plant kingdom composed of amylose which is linear in nature and amylopectin which is highly branched

Answer 59

starch

Question 60

reserve carbohydrate in animals it is stored in liver and muscle

Answer 60

glycogen

Question 61

about 5% of weight of liver is made up by __________ excess carbohydrates are deposited as __________

Answer 61

glycogen

Question 62

supporting tissues of plants 99% of cotton, 50% of wood and is the most abundant organic material in nature

Answer 62

cellulose

Question 63

this enzyme is absent in animal and human digestive system, and hence __________ cannot be digested

Answer 63

cellulose

Question 64

part of large intestine - harbor bacteria

Answer 64

caecum

Question 65

__________ also digest cellulose with the help of intestinal bacteria

Answer 65

white ants (termites)

Question 66

it is present in exoskeletons of crustacea and insects

Answer 66

chitin

Question 67

both cellulose and __________ form long, linear chains these chains form long fibers, which are deposited outside the cell membrane, which increases hydrogen bonding

Answer 67

chitin

Question 68

from sea weeds it contains galactose, glucose, and other sugars

Answer 68

agar

Question 69

cannot be digested by bacteria and hence used widely as a supporting agent to culture bacterial colonies

Answer 69

agar

Question 70

it is present in connective tissues, tendons, and synovial fluid it serves as a lubricant in joint cavities

Answer 70

hyaluronic acid

Question 71

it is an anticoagulant widely used when taking blood in vitro for clinical studies

Answer 71

heparin

Question 72

is present in liver, lungs, spleen, and monocytes

Answer 72

heparin