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Proteins Flashcards

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1
Q

the word protein is derived from Greek word, __________ which means primary

A

proteios

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2
Q

__________ are used for body building; all the major structural and functional aspects of the body are carried out by the __________ molecules

A

protein

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3
Q

major components of proteins

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

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4
Q

minor constituents of proteins

A

sulfur and phosphorus

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5
Q

all proteins are __________ of amino acids

A

polymers

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6
Q

paramount importance for biological systems

A

proteins

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7
Q

carboxy group of one amino acid reacts with amino group of another amino acid to form a __________ or __________

A

peptide bond or CO-NH bridge

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8
Q

proteins are bonded by __________

A

peptide bonds

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9
Q

proteins are made by __________ of amino acids through peptide bonds

A

polymerization

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10
Q

two amino acids are combined to form a __________

A

dipeptide

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11
Q

three amino acids form a __________

A

tripeptide

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12
Q

four amino acids will make a __________

A

tetrapeptide

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13
Q

a few (5-10) amino acids will make an __________

A

oligopeptide

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14
Q

a combination of 10-50 amino acids is __________

A

polypeptide

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15
Q

big polypeptide chains containing more than 50 amino acids are __________

A

proteins

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16
Q

what are the building blocks of proteins

A

amino acids

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17
Q

the unique sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain is its __________ __________

A

primary structure

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18
Q

the pancreatic hormone insulin has two polypeptide chains, A and B, and they are linked together by __________ __________

A

disulfide bonds (sulfur bonds)

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19
Q

the amino acid cysteine (Cys) has a __________ __________ as a side chain

A

sulfhydryl (SH) group

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20
Q

two sulfhydryl groups can react in the presence of __________ to form a disulfide bond

A

oxygen

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21
Q

two disulfide bonds __________ the A and B chains together, and a third helps the A chain __________ into the correct shape

A

connect
fold

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22
Q

the local folding of the polypeptide in some regions gives rise to the __________ __________ of the protein

A

secondary structure

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23
Q

the __________ and __________ are secondary structures of proteins

A

α-helix and β-pleated sheet

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24
Q

α-helix and β-pleated sheet are formed because of __________ __________ between carbonyl group and amino groups in the peptide backbone

A

hydrogen bonding

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25
the hydrogen bonds in α-helix form between the __________ atom in the carbonyl group in one amino acid and another amino acid
oxygen atom
26
the R groups (variant groups) of the polypeptide stick out from the α-helix chain, creating __________ structure
helical structure
27
shape like a corkscrew or spiral staircase
helix
28
peptide bonds are also __________ bonds
covalent
29
are formed by hydrogen bonding between atoms on the backbone of the polypeptide chain
β-pleated sheet
30
the R groups are attached to the __________ and extend above and below the fold of the pleat
carbons
31
the pleated segments align __________ or __________ to each other
parallel or antiparallel
32
α-helix and β-pleated sheet are formed by hydrogen bonds between the partially __________ atom in the amino group and the partially __________ atom in the carbonyl group of the peptide backbone
positive nitrogen atom negative oxygen atom
33
the α-helix and β-pleated sheet structures are found in most __________ and __________ and they play an important structural role
globular and fibrous proteins
34
the unique three-dimensional structure of a polypeptide is its __________ __________
tertiary structure
35
this structure is in part due to chemical interactions at work on the polypeptide chain
tertiary structure
36
the tertiary structure of proteins is determined by a variety of chemical interactions (4)
hydrophobic interactions ionic bonding hydrogen bonding disulfide linkages
37
the tertiary structure contains only __________ __________ of α-helix and β-pleated sheet
one pair
38
the __________ __________ consists of more than one amino acid chain
quaternary structure
39
quaternary structure is formed through the interaction between __________
subunits
40
several polypeptide chains that form quaternary structure
subunits
41
the quaternary structure contains __________ __________ of α-helix and β-pleated sheet
two pairs
42
process that breaks down the strong links or bonds that make up the protein molecules
denaturation
43
losing its shape without losing its primary structure is what is known as __________
denaturation
44
the alignment of fibrous protein
parallel
45
the alignment of globular protein
antiparallel
46
bonds present in quaternary structure
non-covalent bonds
47
proteins receive assistance in the folding process from protein helpers known as __________ that associate with the target protein during the folding process
chaperones
48
two special and common types of proteins
enzymes and hormones
49
catalysts in biochemical reaction and are usually complex or conjugated proteins
enzymes
50
each enzyme is specific for the __________ it acts on a reactant that binds to an enzyme
substrate
51
enzymes that break down their substrates
catabolic enzymes
52
enzymes that build more complex molecules from their substrates
anabolic enzymes
53
enzymes that affect the rate of reaction
catalytic enzymes
54
chemical-signaling molecules, usually small proteins or steroids
hormones
55
secreted by endocrine cells that act to control or regulate specific physiological processes, including growth, development, metabolism, and reproduction
hormones
56
it is a protein hormone that helps to regulate the blood glucose level
insulin
57
energy source protein primarily found in the muscle tissue
creatine
58
transporter and messenger globe-like proteins symmetrical and water soluble
globular
59
example of globular proteins
albumin and hemoglobin
60
long protein filaments asymmetrical and water insoluble
fibrous
61
examples of fibrous proteins
troponin and collagen
62
are considered as simple proteins
globular and fibrous
63
proteins that help in digestion of food by catabolizing nutrients into monomeric units
digestive enzymes
64
amylase, lipase, pepsin, and trypsin are __________
digestive enzymes
65
proteins that carry substances in the blood or lymph throughout the body
transport proteins
66
hemoglobin and albumin are __________
transport proteins
67
proteins that construct different structures, like the cytoskeleton
structural proteins
68
actin, tubulin, and keratin are __________
structural proteins
69
proteins that coordinate the activity of different body systems
hormones
70
insulin and thyroxine are __________
hormones
71
proteins that protect the body from foreign pathogens
defense proteins
72
immunoglobulin is an example of __________
defense proteins
73
proteins that effect muscle contraction
contractile proteins
74
actin and myosin are __________
contractile proteins
75
proteins that provide nourishment in early development of the embryo and the seedling
storage proteins
76
egg white (albumin) is an example of __________
storage proteins
77
proteins involve in the transport of ions and micro molecules
transport proteins
78
antibodies; produced by the lymphocytes in the bone marrow
immunoglobulins
79
proteins that serve as reservoir for metal ions and amino acids
storage proteins
80
protein and non-protein has a non-amino acid portion which is the prosthetic group
conjugated proteins
81
help maintain the colloidal osmotic pressure albumin and globulin
plasma protein

BIOCHEM (9 decks)

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