Digestion and Metabolism of Carbohydrates

Question 1

mechanical and chemical digestion of carbohydrates begins in the __________

Answer 1

mouth

Question 2

__________ or __________ crumbles the carbohydrate foods into smaller and smaller pieces

Answer 2

chewing or mastication

Question 3

the __________ in the oral cavity secrete saliva that coats the food particles

Answer 3

salivary glands

Question 4

saliva contains the enzyme, __________

Answer 4

salivary amylase

Question 5

only about __________ of starches are broken down in the mouth

Answer 5

five percent

Question 6

when carbohydrates reach the stomach __________

Answer 6

no further chemical breakdown occurs

Question 7

the __________ is gradually expelled into the upper part of the small intestine

Answer 7

chyme

Question 8

upon entry of the chyme into the small intestine, the pancreas releases __________

Answer 8

pancreatic juice

Question 9

the pancreatic juice contains the enzyme, __________

Answer 9

pancreatic amylase

Question 10

starts again the breakdown of dextrins into shorter and shorter carbohydrate chains

Answer 10

pancreatic amylase

Question 11

breaks sucrose into glucose and fructose molecules

Answer 11

sucrase

Question 12

breaks the bond between the two glucose units

Answer 12

maltase

Question 13

breaks the bond between galactose and glucose

Answer 13

lactase

Question 14

when lactase is deficient, lactose is not sufficiently broken down resulting in a condition called __________

Answer 14

lactose intolerance

Question 15

__________ is simply transporting glucose into the blood stream

Answer 15

absorption

Question 16

fructose is absorbed by __________

Answer 16

facilitated diffusion

Question 17

glucose and galactose are absorbed by __________

Answer 17

actively transported

Question 18

what is the first organ to recieve glucose, fructose, and galactose

Answer 18

liver

Question 19

[functions of the liver]
converts __________ to __________

Answer 19

galactose to glucose

Question 20

[functions of the liver]
breaks __________ into even smaller carbon-containing units

Answer 20

fructose

Question 21

[functions of the liver]
stores __________ as __________

Answer 21

glucose as glycogen

Question 22

[functions of the liver]
exports __________ back to the __________

Answer 22

glucose
blood

Question 23

glycolysis is derived from the Greek words __________ and __________

Answer 23

glykys (sweet)
lysis (splitting)

Question 24

glycolysis is also known as ___________

Answer 24

Embden-Meyerhof Pathway

Question 25

who discovered the formation of lactic acid from pyruvate

Answer 25

Gustav Embden

Question 26

who enunciated the steps of glycolysis

Answer 26

Fritz Meyerhof

Question 27

when glucose is split into two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules under aerobic conditions; or lactate under anaerobic conditions, along with production of a small quantity of energy

Answer 27

glycolysis

Question 28

glucose is split into two __________ under __________; or __________ under __________, along with production of a small quantity of __________

Answer 28

3-carbon pyruvate molecules under aerobic conditions lactate under anaerobic conditions energy

Question 29

it is the only pathway that is taking place in all the cells of the body

Answer 29

(significance of) glycolysis

Question 30

it is the only source of energy in erythrocytes

Answer 30

glycolysis

Question 31

In strenuous exercise, when muscle tissue lacks enough energy, __________ forms the major source of energy for muscles

Answer 31

anaerobic glycolysis

Question 32

provides carbon skeleton for synthesis of non-essential amino acids as well as glycerol part of fat

Answer 32

glycolysis

Question 33

most of the reactions of the glycolytic pathway are reversible, which are also used for _________

Answer 33

gluconeogenesis

Question 34

it is when oxygen is limited or absent, pyruvate enters an __________

Answer 34

anaerobic respiration anaerobic pathway

Question 35

in these reactions (anaerobic respiration), __________ can be converted into __________

Answer 35

pyruvate lactic acid

Question 36

it occurs in most cells of the body when oxygen is limited, or mitochondria are absent or nonfunctional

Answer 36

anaerobic respiration

Question 37

this pathway serves to keep the pyruvate concentration low so glycolysis continues, and it oxidizes NADH into the NAD+ needed by glycolysis

Answer 37

anaerobic respiration

Question 38

in the presence of oxygen, pyruvate can enter the Krebs cycle where additional energy is extracted or released

Answer 38

aerobic respiration

Question 39

conversion of glucose into pyruvate or lactate

Answer 39

glycolysis

Question 40

formation of glucose 6-phosphate from a non-carbohydrate source

Answer 40

gluconeogenesis

Question 41

breakdown of stored glycogen to glucose

Answer 41

glycogenolysis

Question 42

conversion of excess glucose into glycogen for storage

Answer 42

glycogenesis

Question 43

conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids

Answer 43

lipogenesis

Question 44

decomposition of fats

Answer 44

lipolysis