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Bioc 2580 > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most abundant biomolecule on earth

A

sugars

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2
Q

What is an example of a part of the body that relies ONLY on sugar for energy

A

the brain

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3
Q

Sugars are essential components of….. (think DNA and RNA)

A

nucleic acids

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4
Q

Differentiate between mono, di, oligo, and polysaccharides

A

mono=1
di=2
oligo=3-19 (short)
poly=20 or more (long)

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5
Q

What is an important chemical property of monosaccharides

A

very water soluble (opposite to lipids)

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6
Q

What is the formula for monosaccharides

A

(CH2O)n

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7
Q

What two chemical functional groups are required in the structure of monosaccharides

A

carbonyl (aldehyde or ketone)
hydroxyl groups (at least 2)

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8
Q

Draw the structure of glyceraldehyde (aldose) and dihydroxyacetone (ketose)

A

on slide 43 of second half lectures 1-4

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8
Q

What is the simplest class of monosaccharides

A

triodes (3 carbons)

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9
Q

What class of monosaccharides are the most common in nature

A

hexoses

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10
Q

Much of our understanding of carb chemistry goes back to what scientist

A

Emil Fischer

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11
Q

What does it mean to be an enantiomer

A

mirror image of one another

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12
Q

What is identical between enantiomers

A

chemical properties

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13
Q

What is different between enantiomers

A

optical activity

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14
Q

What are diastereomers

A

when handedness at some carbons differ and some do not

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15
Q

What is different about diastereomers

A

chemical properties and optical activity

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16
Q

How do you identify between D and L sugars

A

D sugars is if the chiral carbon atom furthest away from the carbonyl has the same configuration as D-glyceraldehyde
L sugars is if the configuration resembles L-glyceraldehyde

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17
Q

Most (but not all) naturally occurring sugars are what configuration (D or L)

A

D

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18
Q

What are epimers

A

when the sugars are identical at all carbons except for one
special case of diastereomers

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19
Q

What is the formula to determine the number of stereoisomers in a sugar

A

2^n (where n is the number of chiral carbons)
- half of the stereoisomers will be D and half will be L

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20
Q

What is the relationship between every time a carbon is added and number of isomers

A

every 1 carbon that’s added, isomers double

21
Q

Aldehyde + alcohol =

A

hemiacetal

22
Q

Ketone + alcohol =

A

hemiketal

23
Q

The hemiacetal and hemiketal formations turn sugars into….

A

rings

24
Q

What is the term for when hemiacetal and hemiketals turn sugars into rings

A

cyclization of sugars

25
Q

What is the term for ring-structured sugars that only differ at the anomeric carbon

A

anomers

26
Q

What is an example of anomers

A

a-glucose and b-glucose

27
Q

When dissolved in water, glucose converts into an equal distribution of alpha, beta, and linear forms; what is this process called

A

mutarotation

28
Q

In mutarotation, what is the effect on optical properties

A

they are identical

29
Q

What is a pyranose

A

a 6-C ring

30
Q

What is a furanose

A

a 5-C ring

31
Q

If the OH is above in the Haworth formation, glucose is….

A

beta (left in Fischer formula)

32
Q

If the OH is below in the Haworth formation, glucose is….

A

alpha (right in Fischer formula)

33
Q

The carbonyl carbon is always the ______________ in the cyclization reaction

A

electrophile

34
Q

If a sugar turned from blue to red with the addition of cuprous ion (Cu2+) what does this mean

A

reducing sugar

35
Q

What does it mean to be a reducing sugar

A

reacts with oxidants

36
Q

What is a glycoside

A

condensation of the anomeric carbon (acting as electrophile) has occurred with nucleophilic OH or NH creating a molecule called a glycoside

37
Q

What is a glycosidic bond

A

when the anomeric carbon reacts with the OH of an alcohol

38
Q

What is a glycosilic bond

A

when the anomeric carbon reacts with the NH group of an amine

39
Q

If the anomeric carbon is involved in a glycosidic bond, the sugar becomes a…

A

non-reducing sugar
why: because the sugar can no longer open up to assume its linear form (only open chain forms of sugar can undergo oxidation)

40
Q

How are dissacharides formed

A

two monosaccharides are linked through a glycosidic bond

41
Q

Are disaccharides glycosides?

A

yes

42
Q

How are disaccharides named in terms of their glycosidic bond

A

anomeric carbon is in either alpha or beta configuration, reacting with the hydroxyl group on a certain carbon of the other sugar

for example; the glycosidic bond of lactose is between beta anomeric carbon 1, and the hydroxyl group on carbon 4: would be called (b1-4)

43
Q

If one anomeric carbon is still free to undergo mutarotation in a disaccharide, is this molecule a reducing or nonreducing sugar

A

reducing (the end not involved in the glycosidic bond is known as the reducing end)

44
Q

What is a double headed sugar

A

when both anomeric carbons are used in the glycosidic bond (non reducing)

45
Q

Polysaccharides are often highly ______________

A

branched

46
Q

What are homopolysaccharides

A

made from a single type of sugar unit

47
Q

What are heteropolysaccharides

A

made from two or more kinds of sugar subunit

48
Q

What are glucans

A

glucose homopolymers

49
Q

What are mannans

A

mannose homopolymers

Bioc 2580 (16 decks)

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