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Bioc 2580 > Cofactors > Flashcards

Cofactors Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of cofactors used by enzymes

A

inorganic ions (Mg2+, Fe2+, Mn2+, etc.)
coenzymes

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2
Q

What are coenzymes

A

complex organic or metalloorganic compounds that act as transient carriers of specific functional groups

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3
Q

Many cofactors are derivatives of ________________

A

adenosine

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4
Q

What is the carrier/donor of phosphate groups

A

ATP

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5
Q

What is the function of ATP at the cellular level (what is it doing to other molecules)

A

phosphorylate other molecules

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6
Q

What is the coenzyme that acts as a carrier of acyl (acid) groups

A

coenzyme A

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7
Q

What is coenzyme A derived from

A

pantothenic acid (B5)

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8
Q

Looking at the structure of coenzyme A (CoA/CoASH) what is the general feature of its structure

A

horizontal and very long

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9
Q

CoASH (coenzyme A) forms ________________ derivatives with organic acids

A

thioester (sulphur analogue of an ester)

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10
Q

What is the name for the thioester derivative formed by CoASH and organic acids

A

acyl CoA

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11
Q

In the specific case of acetic acid, what is the name of the thioester derivative formed by CoASH

A

acetyl CoA

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12
Q

What are NAD+, NADP+, FAD, and FMN used for

A

universal electron carriers

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13
Q

Why is it important that NAD+, NADP+, FAD and FMN act as universal electron carriers

A

electrons are removed from the substrates and transferred onto these cofactors, reducing them, and conserving the energy of oxidation

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14
Q

Which of NAD+, NADP+, FAD, and FMN are involved in beta oxidation

A

NAD+ and FAD

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15
Q

NAD+ and NADP+ are the _________________ nucleotides

A

pyridine

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16
Q

What are NAD+ and NADP derived from

A

niacin (B3)

17
Q

Looking at the structure of the pyridine nucleotides, what is the general feature of its structure

A

Have a pyridine ring, and are two structures stacked on top of one another connected by a phosphate backbone looking structure

18
Q

During oxidation of NAD+ and NADP+, ____ _____________ atoms are removed from the substrate

A

2 hydrogen atoms

19
Q

The oxidized form of NAD+ and NADP+ accept a ___________ ion to become reduced

A

hydride
the other hydrogen is just released into the aqueous environment

20
Q

NAD+ is used as the ______________ agent in catabolic processes

A

oxidizing agent

21
Q

NADPH is used as the ______________ agent in biosynthesis

A

reducing agent

22
Q

If NAD+ is used as the oxidizing agent (being reduced), where is it reoxidized

A

in the electron transport chain

23
Q

FAD and FMN are the _______________ nucleotides

A

flavin

24
Q

FAD and FMN are derived from __________________

A

riboflavin (B2)

25
Q

Flavin nucleotides usually act as ______________ groups; found tightly bound to the enzyme

A

prosthetic

26
Q

Looking at the structure of FAD and FMN what is the general feature of its structure

A

vertical and very long

27
Q

Flavin nucleotides can accept either ____ or ____ electrons in the form of ____ or ____ ______________ atoms

A

accept either 1 or 2 electrons in the form of 1 or 2 hydrogen atoms

28
Q

What are the FULLY reduced forms of FAD and FMN

A

FADH2 and FMNH2

29
Q

What are the forms of FAD and FMN when only one electron is accepted (and one unpaired electron still exists) AND what is the name of these forms

A

FADH and FMNH
semiquinone radical forms

30
Q

Why is there a greater diversity of reactions in FAD and FMN than in NAD and NADP

A

since FAD and FMN can accept either one or two electrons, there is a greater diversity of reactions possible when compared to the NAD(P)-linked dehydrogenases

31
Q

Cofactor CoA is the carrier of…

A

acids

32
Q

Pyridine cofactors are carriers of…

A

electron pairs

33
Q

Flavin cofactors are carriers of…

A

electrons (doesn’t have to be pairs)

34
Q

CoA is derived from which B vitamin

A

B5 - pantothenic acid

35
Q

Pyridine are derived from which B vitamin

A

B3 - niacin

36
Q

Flavins are derived from which B vitamin

A

B2 - riboflavin

Bioc 2580 (16 decks)

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