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Bioc 2580 > Lipids > Flashcards

Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

Lipids are not defined by chemical structure, they are instead defined by their common chemical property, which is…

A

hydrophobicity

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2
Q

What is the energy storage form of lipids

A

triglycerides

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3
Q

What is the structural element of biological membranes in terms of lipids

A

phospholipids

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4
Q

What is the lipid type involved in signal transduction

A

hormones

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5
Q

What are glycolipids

A

lipids + carbs

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6
Q

What are lipoproteins

A

lipids + protein

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7
Q

What is an example of glycolipids in the human body

A

blood groups (glycolipids displayed on the outer surfaces of blood cells)

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8
Q

What is an example of lipoproteins in the human body

A

VLDL, LDL, HDL, etc.

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9
Q

What is the simplest form of lipid being discussed

A

fatty acids

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10
Q

What functional group is found on the ends of lipids

A

carboxyl

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11
Q

A fatty acid with all single bonds is

A

saturated

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12
Q

A fatty acid with one or more double bonds is

A

unsaturated

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13
Q

In the delta system, how are fatty acids named

A

the number of carbons followed by number of double bonds separated by a colon (ie. 18:2)
- the position of these double bonds is specified by superscript numbers in brackets

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14
Q

In the omega system, how are fatty acids named

A

using the omega symbol, the fatty acid is specified by the location of the first double bond starting from the omega carbon (the end opposite to carboxyl)

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15
Q

What is carbon 1 of a fatty acid

A

the carbon in the carboxyl group

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16
Q

What are the 3 important characteristics of commonly occurring fatty acids in the body

A

unbranched
evenly numbered carbons
double bonds in cis

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17
Q

When is a kink in a fatty acid chain observed

A

in a cis configured double bond

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18
Q

What is the commonly occurring fatty acid with 12 carbons

A

laurate

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19
Q

What is the commonly occurring fatty acid with 14 carbons

A

myristate

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20
Q

What is the commonly occurring fatty acid with 16 carbons

A

palmitate

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21
Q

What is the commonly occurring fatty acid with 18 carbons

A

stearate

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22
Q

What is the commonly occurring fatty acid with 20 carbons

A

arachidate

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23
Q

What is the mneumonic to help remember the commonly occurring fatty acids

A

let my pal stay around

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24
Q

What is the process by which trans fats are manufactured

A

partial hydrogenation

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25
Q

What is the conformation change seen in trans fats

A

allows fatty acid to adopt an extended conformation (not kinked like cis)

26
Q

In appearance, trans fats resemble…

A

saturated fats

27
Q

As chain length increases, melting point…

A

increases (need higher temp)

28
Q

As chain length increases, solubility…

A

decreases (more hydrophobicity)

29
Q

Since unsaturated fatty acids pack less regularly due to the double bonds, what is the impact on melting temp

A

melting temp decreased (takes less temp to break interactions)

30
Q

In trans fatty acids, since they mimic the conformation of saturated fats, what is seen in melting temp

A

increased (packs more regularly due to lack of kinks, therefore harder to break apart)

31
Q

Between (18:0), (16:0), (18:1), and (18:2) fatty acids, which will have the highest melting temp

A

(18:0) because it has the longest length and fewest double bonds so it is tightly packed and higher heat is required to break the bonds

32
Q

When carboxylic acids combine with alcohols, ___________ are formed

A

esters

33
Q

What carboxylic acids are combined with acids, _______________ are formed

A

anhydrides

34
Q

Triglycerides are formed by linking three fatty acids to a __________________ through ____________ linkages

A

glycerol; ester linkages

35
Q

What is the chemical nature of triglycerides (think in terms of water)

A

very hydrophobic

36
Q

What is a simple triglyceride

A

all three fatty acids are the same

37
Q

What is a complex triglyceride

A

three fatty acids are not all the same (2 or 3 different)

38
Q

The mixture of H2PO4- and HPO4^2- is represented by the notation…

A

Pi

39
Q

Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) is a triprotic acid that exists as an equilibrium mixture of _______________ and ______________ at pH 7

A

H2PO4- and HPO4^2-

40
Q

Phosphorylation adds ________________ charges to molecules

A

negative

41
Q

By adding negative charges via phosphorylation, what occurs

A

increased water solubility

42
Q

Phosphoric acid + alcohol =

A

phosphate ester

43
Q

Phosphoric acid + acid =

A

phosphoanhydride

44
Q

What is the conformation of phosphoglycerides

A

glycerol backbone, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate group on the third glycerol head attached by a phosphodiester bond

45
Q

What does it mean to be amphipathic

A

hydrophobic and hydrophilic

46
Q

How are phosphoglycerides amphipathic (think about lipid bilayers)

A

hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail

47
Q

What are some major classes of glycerophospholipids

A

phosphatidylcholine (PC)
phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)
phosphatidylserine (PS)
phosphatidylglycerol (PG)

48
Q

What is the major head group in phosphatidylcholine (PC)

A

choline

49
Q

What is the major head group in phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)

A

ethanolamine

50
Q

What is the major head group in phosphatidylserine (PS)

A

serine

51
Q

What is the major head group in phosphatidylglycerol (PG)

A

glycerol

52
Q

Which of the glycerophospholipids are the major constituents of most membranes

A

PC and PE

53
Q

Are the previously listed glycerophospholipids one singular molecule or each a class of molecules

A

classes (different fatty acids on the R1 and R2 locations create variations in the potential molecules)

54
Q

If only one layer is present, what formation does it take on

A

micelle (folds into a circular single layer formation)

55
Q

If two layers are present, what formation do they take on

A

bilayer

56
Q

If many bilayers are folded into a circular shape and brought together, what is the name of this formation

A

vesicle (liposomes)

57
Q

What is the fundamental structure of the cell membrane

A

lipid bilayer

58
Q

In the analysis of lipids, how can they be separated based on polarity

A

column chromatography or thin layer chromatography

59
Q

What is the most important type of chromatography used for fatty acid separation

A

gas-liquid chromatography
- mobile phase is a gas
- fatty acids are separated based on chain length/degree of saturation

60
Q

How can isolated fatty acids in chromatography experiment be identified

A

through mass spectrometry

61
Q

The pattern of double bonds in the polyunsaturated fatty acids that are commonly found in mammalian membrane lipids is best represented as…

A

-CH2-CH=CH-CH2-CH2-CH=CH-

Bioc 2580 (16 decks)

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