CARBOHYDRATES

Question 1

Type of carbohydrate that has 3 to 10 sugar units

Answer 1

Oligosaccharides

Question 2

What type of bond links the carbohydrates?

Answer 2

Glycosidic bond

Question 3

Examples of Monosaccharides:

Answer 3

Glucose
Galactose
Fructose

Question 4

Examples of Disaccharides:

Answer 4

Sucrose
Maltose
Lactose

Question 5

Examples of Polysaccharides:

Answer 5

Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose

Question 6

Sucrose is comprised of:

Answer 6

Glucose + Fructose

Question 7

Lactose is comprised of:

Answer 7

Glucose + Galactose

Question 8

Maltose is comprised of:

Answer 8

Glucose + Glucose

Question 9

Enzymes that breaks down polymers to dextrins and disaccharides:

Answer 9

• Salivary amylase (ptyalin)
• Pancreatic amylase (amylopsin)

Question 10

Source of amylase:

Answer 10

Salivary glands
Pancreas

Question 11

Disaccharides are further hydrolyzed into monosaccharides by specific enzymes called:

Answer 11

Disaccharidases
- Sucrase
- Maltase
- Lactase

Question 12

Only carbohydrate used directly for energy:

Answer 12

Glucose

Question 12

What is the main purpose of Glycolysis:

Answer 12

Generate ATP

Question 13

When does glucose become lactate?

Answer 13

if glycolysis is ANAEROBIC

Question 14

When does glucose become pyruvate?

Answer 14

if glycolysis is AEROBIC

Question 15

Glycolysis product that can be a marker for HYPOXIA:

Answer 15

Lactate measurement

Question 16

Most common enzyme deficiency of EMP:

Answer 16

Pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency

NOTE: causes Hemolytic Anemia

Question 17

Most common enzyme deficiency of HMS:

Answer 17

G6PD deficiency

NOTE: causes Hemolytic Anemia

Question 18

Hexose Monophosphate Pathway (HMS) generates:

Answer 18

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)

Question 19

Metabolism of glucose molecule to pyruvate or lactate for production of energy

Answer 19

Glycolysis

Question 20

Formation of glucose-6-phosphate from non-carbohydrate sources

Answer 20

Gluconeogenesis

Question 21

Breakdown of glycogen to glucose for use as energy

Answer 21

Glycogenolysis

Question 22

Conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage

Answer 22

Glycogenesis

Question 23

Conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids

Answer 23

Lipogenesis

Question 24

Decomposition of fat

Answer 24

Lipolysis

Question 25

Produced by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans; only hypoglycemic hormone

Answer 25

Insulin

Question 26

Marker for ENDOGENOUS insulin production, byproduct of converting proinsulin to insulin:

Answer 26

C-peptide

Question 27

Where is Glucagon produced?

Answer 27

Alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans

Question 28

Group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both

Answer 28

DIABETES MELLITUS

Question 29

Type of DM characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin caused by an autoimmune attack on the beta cells of the pancreas

Answer 29

Type 1 DM

Question 30

Type of DM characterized by a combination of insulin resistance and dysfunctional beta cells

Answer 30

Type 2 DM

Question 31

Pancreatogenic diabetes:

Answer 31

Type 3C

Question 32

What type of DM is prone to ketoacidosis?

Answer 32

Type 1 DM

Question 33

Glucose intolerance with inset of first recognition during pregnancy:

Answer 33

GDM (Gestational DM)

Question 34

Large % of patients with GDM develop DM within _____ years:

Answer 34

5-10 years

Question 35

Screening test for GDM:

Answer 35

2-hour GTT using a 75g glucose load

Question 36

Diagnostic criteria for DM in Random Plasma Glucose:

Answer 36

>/= 200 mg/dL (>/= 11.1 mmol/L) + Symptoms of DM (3Ps of DM) - Polyuria - Polydipsia - Polyphagia

Question 37

Diagnostic criteria for DM in Fasting Plasma Glucose:

Answer 37

>/= 126 mg/dL (>/= 7.0 mmol/L)

Question 38

Diagnostic criteria for DM in Two (2)-hour Plasma Glucose:

Answer 38

>/= 200 mg/dL (>/= 11.1 mmol/L)

Question 39

Impaired fasting glucose level:

Answer 39

100-125 mg/dL or 5.6-6.9 mmol/L

Question 40

Impaired glucose tolerance level:

Answer 40

140-199 mg/dL or 7.8-11.0 mmol/L

Question 41

HBA1c prediabetes level:

Answer 41

5.7-6.4%

Question 42

HBA1c DM level:

Answer 42

>6.5%

Question 43

For every 1% increase in HBA1c, there is a corresponding _____ mg/dL change in plasma glucose:

Answer 43

35 mg/dL

Question 44

OGTT should be performed after an overnight ___________ hour fast.

Answer 44

8- to 14-hour fast

Question 45

In OGTT, if the specimen #1 (FPG) is >140 mg/dL, what should the MedTech OD do?

Answer 45

Discontinue the test NOTE: the patient is already diabetic

Question 46

In OGTT, a 4th specimen is collected only when:

Answer 46

The glucose load used is 100 grams

Question 47

The ADA also recommends that HBA1c is tested at least _______ to monitor long-term glycemic control.

Answer 47

twice a year (2x)

Question 48

Controlled DM HBA1c level: Uncontrolled DM HBA1c level:

Answer 48

Controlled: <7% Uncontrolled: >7%

Question 49

The plasma glucose concentration at which glucagon is released is between:

Answer 49

65 and 70 mg/dL

Question 50

Observable symptoms of hypoglycemia appears at levels of:

Answer 50

50 to 55 mg/dL

Question 51

Components of Whipple's triad:

Answer 51

- Fasting hypoglycemia (50 mg/dL) - Symptoms of hypoglycemia - Immediate relief of symptoms with IV glucose

Question 52

What fluid where glucose is not measured?

Answer 52

Semen

Question 53

Standard clinical specimen for diagnosis of DM:

Answer 53

Fasting Venous Plasma

Question 54

Glucose is metabolized at room temperature at a rate of:

Answer 54

7 mg/dL/hour

Question 55

Fasting blood sugar should be obtained after ________ hours of fasting:

Answer 55

8-10 hours of fasting

Question 56

Whole blood glucose levels is _________% lower vs plasma levels:

Answer 56

10-15% lower

Question 57

At 4 degrees Celsius, glucose decreases by approximately __________

Answer 57

2 mg/dL/hour

Question 58

Alternative antiglycolytic agent:

Answer 58

Iodoacetate

Question 59

CSF glucose levels is _________ of plasma levels:

Answer 59

CSF glucose levels is 60-70% of plasma levels

Question 60

As little as 10% contamination with 5% dextrose (D5W) will elevate glucose in a sample by _____________________.

Answer 60

500 mg/dL or more