LIPIDS & LIPOPROTEINS Flashcards
(74 cards)
1
Q
Fatty or waxy, or oily compounds that are soluble in organic solvents and insoluble in polar solvents such as water:
A
Lipids
2
Q
Types of Lipids:
A
- Fatty acids
- Glycerides
- Nonglyceride lipids
- Complex lipids
3
Q
Types of Fatty acids:
A
- Saturated fatty acids
- Unsaturated fatty acids
4
Q
Types of Glycerides:
A
- Neutral glycerides (Triglycerides)
- Phosphoglycerides (Phospholipids)
5
Q
Types of Nonglyceride lipids:
A
- Steroids
- Sphingolipids (sphingomyelin, glycolipids)
- Waxes
6
Q
Example of complex lipids:
A
Lipoproteins
7
Q
Building blocks of lipids; hydrocarbon chain with a terminal COO- group:
A
Fatty acids
8
Q
3 fatty acid molecules attached to one molecule of glycerol by ester bonds; serves as main storage form of energy, insulator, shock absorber and integral part of cell membrane.
A
Triglycerides
9
Q
Similar to triglycerides except that the third position on the glycerol backbone contains a phospholipid head group
A
Phospholipids
10
Q
Serves as part of cell membrane and as parent chain for aldosterone, cortisol and the sex hormones:
A
Cholesterol
11
Q
Two forms of cholesterol:
A
- Cholesterol esters - approximately 70% of total cholesterol
- Free cholesterol - approximately 30% of total cholesterol
12
Q
Major lipoprotein(s) of Apo A-1:
A
HDL
13
Q
Major lipoprotein(s) of Apo B-100:
A
LDL, VLDL
14
Q
Major lipoprotein(s) of Apo B-48:
A
Chylomicron
15
Q
Major lipoprotein(s) of Apo E:
A
VLDL, HDL
16
Q
Major lipoprotein(s) of Apo (a):
A
Lp (a)
17
Q
Types of Major Liporproteins:
A
- Chylomicrons
- VLDL
- LDL
- HDL
18
Q
- Largest but the least dense lipoprotein
- Highest TG content
- causes postprandial (after meal) turbidity
A
Chylomicrons
19
Q
What is the function of chylomicrons?
A
Transports EXOGENOUS/dietary Triglyceride (TG)
20
Q
- 2nd largest lipoprotein
- 2nd least dense
- 2nd highest TG content
- causes FASTING HYPERLIPIDEMIC TURBIDITY
A
Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL)
21
Q
What is the function of VLDL?
A
Transports ENDOGENOUS/hepatic TG
22
Q
- Lipolysis of VLDL
- Highest CHOLESTEROL content
- target for cholesterol lowering therapy
- high risk for developing atherosclerosis if levels are elevated
A
Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)
23
Q
What is the function of LDL?
A
Transports cholesterol from the liver to peripheral tissue (increases risk of atherosclerosis)
24
Q
- Smallest but the densest lipoprotein
- Highest protein content
A
High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)
25
What is the function of HDL?
Reverse transport of cholesterol (p. tissue to liver)
NOTE: High HDL ---> Low risk of atherosclerosis
26
Examples of Abnormal lipoproteins:
1. Beta-VLDL
2. Lp(a)
3. LpX
27
Floating Beta-lipoprotein; increased in familial dysbetalipoproteinemia:
Beta-VLDL
28
Sinking pre-beta lipoprotein; LDL-like particle; increased risk if premature coronary heart disease and stroke:
Lp(a)
29
Abnormal lipoprotein seen in patient with biliary cirrhosis or cholestasis and in patients with mutations in the enzyme lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT):
LpX
30
NCEP Guidelines: LDL cholesterol reference range
Optimal:
Very high:
NCEP Guidelines: LDL cholesterol reference range
Optimal: <100 mg/dL
Veri high: >/= 190 mg/dL
31
NCEP Guidelines: Total cholesterol reference range
Desirable:
High:
NCEP Guidelines: Total cholesterol reference range
Desirable: <200 mg/dL
High: >/= 240 mg/dL
32
NCEP Guidelines: HDL cholesterol reference range
High:
Low:
NCEP Guidelines: HDL cholesterol reference range
High: >/= 60 mg/dL
Low: <40 mg/dL
33
NCEP Guidelines: Triglyceride reference range
Normal:
Very high:
NCEP Guidelines: Triglyceride reference range
Normal: <150 mg/dL
Very high: >/= 500 mg/dL
34
Other name of Type 1 - Familial LPL deficiency:
Hyperchylomicronemia
35
Other name of Type 2a lipid disorder:
Familial hypercholesterolemia
36
Other name of Type 2b lipid disorder:
Familial combined hyperlipidemia
37
Other name of Type 3 lipid disorder:
Familial Dysbetalipoprotenemia
38
Other name of Type 4 lipid disorder:
Familial Hypertriglyceridemia
39
Fredrickson classification of lipid disorder
TG: High
Chylo: High
Chol: Normal
LDL: Normal
VLDL: Normal
Type 1 - Hyperchylomicronemia; Familial LPL deficiency
40
Fredrickson classification of lipid disorder
TG: Normal
Chylo: Normal
Chol: High
LDL: High
VLDL: Normal
Type 2a - Familial Hypercholesterolemia
41
Fredrickson classification of lipid disorder
TG: High
Chylo: High
Chol: Normal
LDL: High
VLDL: High
Type 2b - Familial combined hyperlipidemia
42
Fredrickson classification of lipid disorder
TG: High
Chylo: High
Chol: Normal
LDL: Normal
VLDL: High
Type 3 - Familial Dysbetalipoproteinemia
43
Fredrickson classification of lipid disorder
TG: High
Chylo: Normal
Chol: Normal
LDL: Normal
VLDL: High
Type 4 - Familial Hypertriglyceridemia
44
Fredrickson classification of lipid disorder
TG: High
Chylo: High
Chol: High
LDL: Normal
VLDL: High
Type 5 - Hypertriglyceridemia
45
Parts of the lipid profile:
- Total cholesterol
- Triglyceride
- HDL cholesterol
- LDL cholesterol
46
Fasting requirement for Lipid profile:
12 hours / 10-12 hours
47
Parameter(s) that can be measured in lipid profile without fasting:
Total cholesterol and HDL-C
48
Preferred sample for lipid profile:
Serum and plasma
49
Preferred sample in electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation:
Plasma
50
Lipemic samples are seen when triglyceride levels exceed:
exceed 4.6 mmol/L (400 mg/dL)
51
Previous reference method for Cholesterol measurement:
Abell-Kendall method
52
What reagent is used in Abell-Kendall method?
Liebermann-Burchard reagent
53
What is the NEW reference method for Cholesterol measurement?
GC-MS method
54
What enzyme is used in cholesterol measurement enzymatic method?
Cholesteryl esterase
NOTE: other enzymes -
- cholesterol oxidase
- Peroxidase
55
Definitive method for cholesterol measurement:
Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry (IDMS)
56
Reference method for triglyceride measurements:
GC-MS method
57
In triglyceride measurement, the colorimetric method is called:
Van Handel & Zilversmith
58
Positive result of Van Handel & Zilversmith:
Blue colored compound
59
Fluorometric method for triglyceride measurement:
Hantzsch
60
What is the reference method of lipoprotein measurement:
Ultracentrifugation
61
In lipoprotein electrophoresis, the most common medium for separation of intact lipoproteins is:
Agarose gel
62
Preferred anticoagulant for lipoprotein analysis:
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)
Note: because it preserves lipoproteins over time (Elsevier)
63
Stains used in lipoprotein electrophoresis:
- Oil Red O
- Fat Red 7B
- Sudan Black B
64
Arrangement of lipoproteins in electrophoresis from most anodal to least anodal:
- HDL (a-lipoprotein) - most anodal
- VLDL (pre B-lipoprotein)
- LDL (B-lipoprotein)
- Chylomicron
65
Arrangement of lipoprotein in Ultra centrifugation from densest to least dense:
- HDL (densest)
- LDL
- IDL
- VLDL
- Chylomicron (least dense)
66
In chemical precipitation for lipoprotein analysis, what polyanion and divalent cation is used for HDL:
Polyanion = Dextran sulfate
Divalent cation = magnesium
HDL - dextran sulfate + magnesium
67
What calculation is used to compute for LDL?
Friedewald calculation
68
Give the Friedewald calculation formula:
LDL-c = [TC] - [HDL-c] - (plasma TG/2.175)
69
Values used in Friedewald calculation if
in mmol/L = ______
in mg/dL = ______
Values used in Friedewald calculation if
in mmol/L = 2.175
in mg/dL = 5
70
Values used in DeLong (LDL computation) if
in mmol/L = ______
in mg/dL = ______
Values used in DeLong (LDL computation) if
in mmol/L = 2.825
in mg/dL = 6.5
71
An extreme form of HYPOALPHALIPOPROTEINEMIA (low HDL); increases risk for premature CHD:
Tangier disease
72
What apolipoprotein is decreased in Tangier Disease?
Apo A-1
73
Relationship between LDL and risk for atherosclerosis:
Increased risk for atherosclerosis (Direct)
74
Relationship between HDL and risk for atherosclerosis:
Decreased risk for atherosclerosis (Inverse)
