PROTEINS

Question 1

What type of bond is present in proteins?

Answer 1

peptide bonds

Question 2

Most plasma proteins are synthesized in the ________:

Answer 2

Liver

Question 3

What are the plasma proteins that are not synthesized in the liver?

Answer 3

Immunoglobulins and vWF

Question 4

The nitrogen content of serum proteins is on average of approximately ___%:

Answer 4

16%

Question 5

Site of protein synthesis within the cell:

Answer 5

Ribosomes

Question 6

aka transthyretin; negative acute phase reactant; marker for poor nutritional status:

Answer 6

Prealbumin

Question 7

Present in highest concentration in serum; represents 2/3 of total protein; provide nearly 80% of colloid osmotic pressure of intravascular fluid; increases only in DEHYDRATION:

Answer 7

Albumin

Question 8

If albumin represents 2/3 of total protein while globulin represents 1/3 of total protein, then what is the A:G ratio?

Answer 8

Normal A:G ratio = 2:1

Question 9

how many percent of total calcium binds to albumin?

Answer 9

50% of calcium binds to albumin

Question 10

What is the common manifestation of hypoalbuminemia:

Answer 10

Edema

Question 11

Albumin increases only in:

Answer 11

Dehydration

Question 12

Inhibits elastase; causes emphysema in this protein is deficient:

Answer 12

Alpha-1-antitrypsin

Question 13

Produced by fetal liver; elevation of this protein is associated in neural tube defect/presence of twins:

Answer 13

Alpha-1-fetoprotein

Question 14

Low levels of a1-fetoprotein can increase risk for:

Answer 14

Down syndrome (trisomy 21)

Question 15

a1-fetoprotein can be used as a tumor marker for:

Answer 15

Hepatocellular carcinoma and some testicular carcinomas

Question 16

Copper-containing protein; used in diagnosis of Wilson’s disease:

Answer 16

Ceruloplasmin

Question 17

In Wilson’s disease, ceruloplasmin levels are

a. elevated
b. decreased

Answer 17

b. decreased

Question 18

What do you call the deposition of copper in the cornea manifested by ceruloplasmin deficiency?

Answer 18

Kayser-Fleischer rings

Question 19

Large protein that inhibits proteases; Increased in Nephrotic syndrome due to large size that aids in its retention:

Answer 19

Alpha-2-macroglobulin

Question 20

Manifestations of Nephrotic syndrome:

Answer 20

• Massive proteinuria
• Hypoalbuminemia
• Hypogammaglobulinemia
• Hypercoagulable state
• Hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia (oval fat bodies)

Question 21

Protein that binds free hemoglobin to prevent loss of hgb and its constituent iron into urine; used primarily to detect and evaluate anemia:

Answer 21

Haptoglobin

Question 22

In Intravascular Hemolysis, haptoglobin ________.

a. increases
b. decreases
c. doesn’t change

Answer 22

a. increases

Question 23

Protein that scavenge heme released/lost by the turnover of heme proteins; diagnostic of HA in low levels:

Answer 23

Hemopexin

Question 24

Protein that transports two (2) molecules of ferric iron; a negative acute phase reactant:

Answer 24

Transferrin

Question 25

A protein that scavenge heme released or lost by the turnover of heme proteins such as hemoglobin to protect the body from oxidative damage that free heme can cause:

Answer 25

Hemopexin

Question 26

Precipitates with C substance, a polysaccharide of pneumococci. Functions in opsonization (enhances phagocytosis). One of the first acute-phase proteins to rise in inflammatory disease.

Answer 26

C-Reactive Protein (CRP) note: high or increasing amount of CRP suggests an acute infection or inflammation; preferred marker for inflammation

Question 27

A CRP test that determines risk of cardiovascular disease:

Answer 27

High-sensitivity CRP (hsCRP)

Question 28

A protein that is used for assessment of the risk of preterm delivery in women between 24 to 35 weeks gestational age:

Answer 28

Fibronectin

Question 29

A biochemical marker of bone resorption that can be detected in serum and urine:

Answer 29

Cross-Linked C-Telopeptides

Question 30

Gold standard for diagnosis of Myocardial Infarction (MI):

Answer 30

Troponin

Question 31

Three subunits of troponin:

Answer 31

1. Troponin T (cTnT) 2. Troponin C (cTnC) 3. Troponin I (cTnI)

Question 32

cTnT risess within _____, peaks in _____, returns to normal in _______.

Answer 32

cTnT rises within: 3-4 hours peaks in: 10-24 hours returns to normal in: 10-24 days

Question 34

Cardiac TnI rises within ______, peaks in _____, and returns to normal in _______.

Answer 34

cTnI: rises within: 3-6 hours peaks in: 14-20 hours returns to normal in: 5-10 days

Question 35

First protein marker to increase during MI but har low specificity; heme containing protein that binds oxygen with cardiac and skeletal muscle:

Answer 35

myoglobin

Question 36

A popular marker for Heart failure/congestive heart failure:

Answer 36

Brain Natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal-Brain Natriuretic Peptide (NT-BNP)

Question 37

where is BNP produced?

Answer 37

BNP is produced in the ventricler of the heart.

Question 38

Proteins under a1 GLOBULINS

Answer 38

a1-antitrypsin a1-fetoprotein a1-acid glycoprotein a1-lipoprotein a1-antichymotrypsin inter-a-trypsin inhibitor Gc globulin

Question 39

Proteins under a2 GLOBULINS:

Answer 39

Haptoglobin ceruloplasmin a2-macroglobulin

Question 41

Proteins under Beta GLOBULINS:

Answer 41

Pre B-lipoprotein B-lipoprotein transferrin Hemopexin B2-microglobulin complement Fibrinogen CRP (Bishop)

Question 42

Proteins under Gamma GLOBULINS:

Answer 42

Immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, IgE, IgD, IgM) CRP (Henry)