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BIOCHEM > CARBOHYDRATES Intro > Flashcards

CARBOHYDRATES Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Aldehyde or ketone derivatives of polyhydric alcohols

A

Carbohydrates (CHO)

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2
Q

functional group of Carbohydrates

A

carboxyl group

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3
Q

simplest structural unit

A

Saccharide (“sugar”)

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4
Q

simplest; contains only 1 saccharide unit

A

MONOSACCHARIDES

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5
Q

simplest carbohydrate

A

Glycoaldehyde

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6
Q

RNA sugar

A

Ribose

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7
Q

DNA sugar

A

Deoxyribose

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8
Q

gum sugar

A

Arabinose

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9
Q

Sugar alcohols

A

Xylose
Xylulose

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10
Q

carbonyl group is found at one of the terminal sides of the hydrocarbon chain

A

Aldose

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11
Q

carbonyl group is found in between 2 hydrocarbon groups

A

Ketose

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12
Q

Contain the same number of atoms of the same element but differ in the structural arrangement and PROPERTIES

A

Isomers

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13
Q

two sugars which differ only in the configuration around a single C atom

A

Epimers

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14
Q

refers to the C atom in the structure of a sugar to which 4 different radicals are attached.

A

Asymmetric Carbon

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15
Q

isomers that have the same molecular and structural formulas but differ in the orientation of atoms in space

A

Stereoisomerism

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16
Q

The ability to form two sugars which are mirror images of each other but non superimposable to each other

A

Enantiomers

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17
Q

Two types of mutarotation

A

dextrorotatory
levorotatory

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18
Q

grape sugar, blood sugar or plasma
sugar

A

GLUCOSE

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19
Q

most abundant sugar in the blood stream

A

GLUCOSE

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20
Q

Most common source of cellular fuel (ATP)

A

GLUCOSE

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21
Q

Natural sugar mostly in the D form

A

Glucose

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22
Q

The sugar from which most complex carbohydrates are made from

A

GLUCOSE

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23
Q

brain sugar (in the form of glycolipids)

A

GALACTOSE

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24
Q

It is Not a natural sugar (not obtained from plants or animals)

A

GALACTOSE

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25
Q

Sugar that Has the fastest rate of absorption in the intestines

A

GALACTOSE

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26
Q

Naturally-occuring aldohexose

A

MANNOSE

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27
Q

Other name for FRUCTOSE

A

LEVULOSE

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28
Q

It is the sweetest of all sugars

A

FRUCTOSE

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29
Q

Fructose is a natural _______

A

ketohexose

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30
Q

Fructose is found in?

A

Honey

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31
Q

Serves as a source of energy for the sperm cells

A

Fructose

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32
Q

SUCROSE also known as?

A

TABLE SUGAR

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33
Q

source of artificial sweeteners

A

raffinose, invertose, invert sugar saccharide

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34
Q

Sucrose =

A

1 glucose + 1 fructose

35
Q

It is a Natural, non-reducing disaccharide

A

SUCROSE

36
Q

Milk sugar

A

LACTOSE

37
Q

The Least sweet of the sugars

A

LACTOSE

38
Q

The only non-monosaccharide which may be absorbed into the genital systemic circulation

A

LACTOSE

39
Q

enzyme that breaks Lactose into 1 glucose and 1 galactose

A

Lactase

40
Q

present in the GIT at birth and decreases by the time the baby is 1.5 years old

A

Lactase

41
Q

Malt sugar (hops)

A

MALTOSE

42
Q

Is also a brewing sugar (helps in the fermentation of carbohydrate juices to form alcoholic drinks

A

MALTOSE

43
Q

enzyme that breaks Maltose into 2 glucose units

A

Maltase

44
Q

Consists of 2 glucose units connected via a β-1,4 glycosidic linkage

A

CELLOBIOSE

45
Q

Disaccharide unit in cellulose (fibrous CHO)

A

CELLOBIOSE

46
Q

Human GIT lacks what enzyme

A

cellulase enzyme

47
Q

carbohydrates with similar, repeating units

A

HOMOPOLYSACCHARIDES

48
Q

upon hydrolysis, yield only glucose units

A

Glucosans

49
Q

polymerized fructose units

A

Fructosans

50
Q

Examples of Glucosans

A

starch, glycogen, cellulose

51
Q

upon hydrolysis, yield sugar and sugar derivatives

A

HETEROPOLYSACCHARIDES

52
Q

Examples of HETEROPOLYSACCHARIDES

A

Hyaluronic acid Chondroitin sulfate

53
Q

These are two of the most common mucopolysaccharides in human connective tissues

A

Hyaluronic acid Chondroitin sulfate

54
Q

For complex carbohydrates to be of value, these should undergo _______

A

digestion

55
Q

Examples of Dietary carbohydrates

A

• Starch
• Sucrose (cane sugar or sugar beets)
• Cellulose
• Lactose (milk sugar)
• Glycogen
• Pentosan

56
Q

the most common dietary form of carbohydrate

A

Starch

57
Q

linear pattern of glucose linked by α-1,4 glycosidic bonds

A

Amylose

58
Q

branched polymer; glucose linked by α-1,4 glycosidic bonds with branching via α-1,6 linkage

A

Amylopectin

59
Q

First area where carbohydrates undergo digestion

A

MOUTH/BUCCAL CAVITY

60
Q

It Contains Ptyalin or Salivary Amylase

A

MOUTH/BUCCAL CAVITY

61
Q

A Saccharogenic amylase

A

Alpha-amylase

62
Q

Amylase that Breaks α-1,4 glycosidic linkage and is found in human GIT

A

Alpha-amylase

63
Q

A Dextrinogenic amylase

A

Beta-amylase

64
Q

Amylase that Breaks β-1,4 glycosidic linkage and Not found in human GIT

A

Beta-amylase

65
Q

Equivalent enzyme of Beta-amylase

A

CELLULASE

66
Q

Is found among ruminants or grass-grazing animals with large cecum (e.g. cows, carabaos, horses, goats)

A

CELLULASE

67
Q

Little digestion of polysaccharide here

A

STOMACH

68
Q

It has no carbohydrate-splitting enzyme

A

Gastric juice

69
Q

Salivary amylase is inactivated by

A

pepsin

70
Q

Fructosans are broken down by

A

HCl

71
Q

Digestion of polysaccharides & disaccharides is complete here

A

SMALL INTESTINES

72
Q

pancreatic amylase and disaccharidases hydrolyze CHO into

A

monosaccharides

73
Q

CHO absorbed in the ______ in the form of monosaccharides

A

jejunum

74
Q

A carrier transport is present in the brush border of the epithelial cell.

A

Active Transport

75
Q

The carrier in Active transport has a receptor site for both _____ and _____ .

A

glucose & sodium

76
Q

Pores of the mucosa through which diffusion occurs are impermeable to water soluble solutes with MW > than ___

A

100

77
Q

Simple Diffusion:______

A

pentose

78
Q

It involves a carrier protein or lipoprotein

A

Facilitated Diffusion

79
Q

In active transport, The energy is derived from the difference in _________ between the outside and the inside

A

sodium concentration

80
Q

Give the VEINS of the GIT

A
  1. Superior mesenteric veins
  2. Splenic veins
  3. Inferior mesenteric veins
81
Q

PORTAL VEIN —>

A

Liver

82
Q

serves to capture the monosaccharides in the cells.

A

PHOSPHORYLATION

83
Q

Phosphorylation is promoted by enzymes called?

A

hexokinases

BIOCHEM (10 decks)

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