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BIOCHEM > DIGESTION > Flashcards

DIGESTION Flashcards

1
Q

Ball mixture of food and saliva

A

Bolus

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2
Q

Chemical digestion in the mouth takes place in the?

A

Buccal cavity

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3
Q

Chemical digestion in the mouth takes place in the buccal cavity and to a certain extent in the?

A

Fundus

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4
Q

Substrates which are broken down in the mouth

A

Starch
Glycogen

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5
Q

Hydrolysis of starch by

A

Salivary amylase/ Ptyalin

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6
Q

Is colorless, slightly viscid, opalescent fluid

A

Saliva

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7
Q

Salivary gland rich in ptyalin and is watery

A

Parotid glands

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8
Q

Salivary glands rich in mucin and is viscid

A

Sublingual glands

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9
Q

Salivary glands in the maxillary area

A

Submandibular glands

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10
Q

Average secretion of Saliva

A

1,500 mL/day

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11
Q

Organic matters in Saliva

A

Mucin
Ptyalin
Urea
Glucose
Lactic acid

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12
Q

Inorganic matters in Saliva

A

Chlorine
Sodium biocarbonate
Potassium
Calcium
Sulfate ion
Phosphate ion

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13
Q

pH of saliva when active

A

7.0 - 7.3

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14
Q

pH of saliva when resting

A

6.4-6.9

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15
Q

It functions to moisten and reduce the foods into a consistency suitable for swallowing

A

Saliva

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16
Q

Factors influencing saliva secretion

A

Psychic factor
Chemical factor
Mechanical factor

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17
Q

Salivary amylase also known as

A

Ptyalin

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18
Q

Endoamylase acts only on

A

aplha 1,4-glycosidic linkages

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19
Q

Activators of salivary amylase

A

Chlorine
Bromine
Iodine
Nitrate

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20
Q

optimum pH of salivary amylase

A

6.9

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21
Q

Salivary amylase inactivated by

A

Pepsin

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22
Q

Digestion that is concerned with the digestion of proteins

A

Gastric digestion

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23
Q

Enzymes involved in gastric digestion

A

Pepsin
Hydrochloric acid

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24
Q

3 phases of acid gastric juice secretion

A

Psychic phase
Gastric phase
Intestinal phase

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25
Q

The stimulation of the gastric juice secretion due to the smell, sight, taste or thought of food

A

Psychic/Cephalic phase

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26
Q

stimulation due to the chemicals present in food

A

Gastric phase

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27
Q

presence of low pH (acid chime) and/or irritants

A

Intestinal phase

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28
Q

HCl is secreted by?

A

Parietal cell

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29
Q

Pepsin is secreted by?

A

Chief cells

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30
Q

Mucin is secreted by?

A

Mucous cells

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31
Q

Average secretion of Gastric juice

A

2-3 L per day

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32
Q

Organic constituents of gastric juice

A

Mucin
Pepsin
Lipase

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33
Q

Inorganic constituents of gastric juice

A

Hydrochloric acid
Potassium Chloride
Phosphate ion

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34
Q

The main digestive constituent of the gastric juice secreted by Chief cells

A

Pepsin

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35
Q

Inactive form of Pepsin

A

Pepsinogen

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36
Q

It is autocatalytic

A

Pepsin

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37
Q

Optimum pH of pepsin to be active

A

1.5 - 2.5

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38
Q

It acts on peptide bonds

A

Endopeptidase

39
Q

It protects the mucous membrane of the stomach and acts as buffers for HCl

A

Mucin

40
Q

Mucin promotes absorption of

A

Vitamin B12

41
Q

pH level of HCl

A

0.87

42
Q

It provides a suitable pH for protein digestion by pepsin

A

HCl

43
Q

HCl facilities absorption of

A

Iron

44
Q

HCl Activates

A

Pepsinogen

45
Q

HCl stimulates secretion of

A

Secretin

46
Q

Rennin is also known as

A

Chymosin

47
Q

Milk-curdling enzyme found in the gastric juice of newborns

A

Rennin/Chymosin

48
Q

Rennin has _____ or _____ ____ but high conc. HCl

A

Little or no pepsin

49
Q

Absence of free HCl seen in pernicious anemia

A

Achlorhydria

50
Q

partial or complete absence of gastric juice and indicates degeneration of the gastric glands

A

Achylia gastrica

51
Q

suggestive of chronic gastritis or gastric carcinoma

A

Hypochlorhydria

52
Q

suggestive of peptic ulcer, cholecystitis

A

Hyperchlorhydria

53
Q

Importance intestinal secretions for digestion

A

Pancreatic
Intestinal
Bile

54
Q

It is produced by acinar cells of the pancreas

A

Pancreatic juice

55
Q

Consistency of pancreatic juice

A

Clear, watery solution

56
Q

Organic matters in Pancreatic juice
(Enzymes)

A

trypsin
chymotrypsin
steapsin
diastase
nucleolytic enzymes

57
Q

Inorganic matters in Pancreatic juice

A

Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Bicarbonate
Chlorine
Phosphate ion

58
Q

secretion is rich in enzymes but less volume of concentration of HCl

A

Vagal stimulation

59
Q

stimulates the secretion of a fluid of high volume and HCO3- ; low in enzymes

A

Secretin

60
Q

secretion similar to vagal stimulation; stimulates enzyme secretion

A

Pancreozymin

61
Q

Endopeptidase acting on peptide linkage involving the COOH group of _________ and __________.

A

Arginine & Lysine

62
Q

It is activated by enterokinase (intestinal juice)

A

Trypsinogen

63
Q

Chymotrypsin is actived by

A

Trypsin

64
Q

Endopeptidase:
Ø ______________ Ø ______________ Ø ______________

A

Phenylalanine
Tyrosine
Tryptophan

65
Q

Has a milk-curdling effect

A

Chymotrypsin

66
Q

Other name for Pancreatic amylase

A

Diastase

67
Q

pH level of Pancreatic amylase

A

pH 7.1

68
Q

weak lipolytic enzyme

A

Pancreatic lipase/Steapsin

69
Q

Other name for Pancreatic lipase

A

Steapsin

70
Q

Action of Pancreatic lipase is potentiated by

A

bile acids, Ca & certain amino acids

71
Q

Combined secretion of the intestinal glands at different portions:

A

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

72
Q

Controlling hormones

A

secretin and enterocrinin

73
Q

Secreted by the intestinal mucosa; stimulates the mucosal glands

A

Enterocrinin

74
Q

Increases the volume of fluid and the content of enzymes

A

Enterocrinin

75
Q

clear, golden yellow, slightly viscid fluid

A

Bile

76
Q

Bile is secreted by

A

Liver cells/ hepatocytes

77
Q

Bile is stored in the

A

gallbladder

78
Q

pH level of bile

A

7 - 8.5

79
Q

Organic components of bile

A

Bile acid
Bile pigments
Cholesterol
Phospholipid
Mucin
Urea
ALP

80
Q

Inorganic components of bile

A

Bicarbonate
Chlorine
Sodium
Potassium

81
Q

stimulates discharge of bile into the bowel

A

Cholecystokinin

82
Q

substances that stimulate flow of bile

A

Cholagogues

83
Q

Name the five bile acids

A

Cholic 26-60%
Chenodeoxycholic 30-50%
Deoxycholic 5-25%
Glycocholic
Taurocholic

84
Q

What are the functions of bile acids
(A, E, C, N, A, M)

A
  • Activate steapsin
  • Emulsification
  • Choleretics
  • Neutralization of acid (pH >7)
  • Aid in absorption of fat and fat-
    soluble substances (Hydrotropic
    effect)
  • Maintain cholesterol in solution
85
Q

Life span of RBCs

A

120 days

86
Q

Bile pigments are from the degradation of

A

Hemoglobin

87
Q

bacterial degradation of carbohydrates under anaerobic condition

A

Fermentation

88
Q

Products of Fermentation

A

Organic acids & gases

89
Q

Examples of organic acids as product of fermentation
(L, A, F, P, S)

A

lactic acid, acetic acid, formic acid, propionic acid and succinic acid

90
Q

Examples of gases as product of fermentation

A

Methane
Carbon dioxide
Hydrogen

91
Q

bacterial decomposition of proteins under anaerobic condition

A

Putrefaction

92
Q

Tryptophan —> _____+_____

A

Indole + Skatole

93
Q

removal of amine group from simple amino acids to form short- chain organic acids

A

Deamination

94
Q

removal of carboxyl group forming amines

A

Decarboxylation

BIOCHEM (10 decks)

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