Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOCHEM > Carbohydrates Metabolic Pathways: Generation of Energy > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Metabolic Pathways: Generation of Energy Flashcards

1
Q

breakdown of glucose into 2 pyruvate
molecules to form ATP (Embden Meyerhoff Pathway)

A

Glycolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

conversion of non-glucose hexoses (like mannose, fructose and galactose), lipids, amino acids to form more ATPs

A

Gluconeogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

synthesis of glycogen (stored in the liver and muscles) from excess glucose. (INSULIN)

A

Glycogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Glycogenesis is stimulated by what hormone

A

INSULIN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

breakdown of glycogen to glucose for ATP production

A

Glycogenolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Gluconeogenesis:
____ + a-ketoglutarate —>____ + glutamate

A

Alanine; pyruvate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Gluconeogenesis:
____ + a-ketoglutarate —> ____ + glutamate

A

Aspartate; oxaloacetate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Most human tissues cannot utilize ____ and ____

A

galactose & fructose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The both phosphorylates fructose to fructose-6-
PO4

A

Fructokinase & hexokinase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

has a much higher affinity for glucose than fructose

A

hexokinase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

utilizes fructose-1,6 biphosphate as substrate

A

Aldolase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

It lacks of fructokinase

A

Fructosuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Is benign and asymptomatic

A

Fructosuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

It may be misinterpreted as glucosuria, (positive reducing sugar test)

A

Fructosuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

It lacks of aldolase (F-1,6
biPO4 cleavage)

A

Fructose Intolerance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

In Fructose Intolerance what happens upon sucrose or fructose intake

A

Hypoglycemia & vomiting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

is obtained from milk sugar.

A

galactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The most important organs that can metabolize galactose

A

liver and erythrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The 2 enzyme defects resulting to galactosemia

A
  1. Lack of galactokinase
  2. Lack of galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

the synthesis of glycogen from monosaccharides

A

GLYCOGENESIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Main storage for glycogen

A

Liver, muscle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Glycogen storage in normal tissues

A

300-320 grams/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Group of inherited metabolic disorders that involve the lack of or abnormality of enzymes regulating glycogen catabolism and anabolism

A

Glycogen Storage Diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Glycogen Storage Diseases Abnormality in _____ and ____

A

glycogenesis & glycogenolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Accumulation of abnormal glycogen by-products can damage

A

liver, muscles, heart and other organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Enzyme Deficiency in VON GIERKE’S

A

Glucose-6-phosphatase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Enzyme Deficiency in POMPE’S

A

Alpha-1,4-glucosidase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Enzyme Deficiency in CORI’S

A

Amylo-1,6-glucosidas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Enzyme Deficiency in ANDERSEN’S

A

Alpha-1,4-glucan, 6-glucosyl- transferase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Enzyme Deficiency in McARDLE’S

A

Muscle phosphorylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Enzyme Deficiency in HER’S

A

Hepatic phosphorylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Enzyme Deficiency in TARUI’S

A

Muscle phosphofructokinase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Enzyme Deficiency in VIII

A

Adenyl kinase

34
Q

Enzyme Deficiency in IX

A

Hepatic phosphorylase b kinase

35
Q

Enzyme Deficiency in X

A

Cyclic AMP-dependent kinase

36
Q

severe hepatomegaly, and hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis, hyperlipidemia, failure to thrive

A

VON GIERKE’S

37
Q

Infant-cardiomegaly, muscle, early death
Adult-muscle weakness

A

POMPE’S

38
Q

Hepatomegaly, muscle weakness and hypoglycemia

A

CORI’S

39
Q

Hepatomegaly, cirrhosis, failure to thrive, early death

A

ANDERSEN’S

40
Q

Muscle cramps after exercise, myoglobinuria in some patients

A

McARDLE’S

41
Q

Hepatomegaly, mild clinical course

A

HER’S

42
Q

Muscle cramps after exercise, myoglobinuria in some patients

A

TARUI’S

43
Q

HORMONES THAT REGULATE BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL

A

Insulin, Glucagon, Somatostatin, Growth hormone, Thyroxine, Cortisol and Corticosteroids, Epinephrine and Norepinephrine, ACTH: (anterior pituitary), Somatomedins

44
Q

It enhances entry of glucose into the liver, muscle and adipose tissues.

A

Insulin

45
Q

Glucagon

A

Ø promotes hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
Ø ↑ Blood glucose

46
Q

Ø inhibits secretion of
insulin and glucagon
Ø inhibits the release of GH
Ø ↑ Blood glucose

A

Somatostatin

47
Q

Ø antagonist to insulin; Ø it stimulates lipolysis
(gluconeogenesis) Ø ↑ Blood glucose

A

Growth hormone

48
Q

Ø Stimulates glycogenolysis and the rate of gastric
emptying and intestinal absorption of glucose Ø ↑ Blood glucose

A

Thyroxine/Tetraiodothyronine

49
Q

Ø Stimulates gluconeogenesis Ø ↑ Blood glucose

A

Cortisol and Corticosteroids

50
Q

Ø ↑ Blood glucose
Ø gestational diabetes

A

Human Placental Lactogen (hPL)

51
Q

Øpromotes both liver and skeletal glycogenolysis

A

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

52
Q

Øphysical or emotional stress cause increase production of epinephrine and an immediate production of glucose for energy
Ø↑ Blood glucose

A

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

53
Q

glucose breakdown to form pyruvate and with the release of ATP molecules as the source of biochemical energy.

A

Glycolysis: aka- Embden Meyerhoff Pathway

54
Q

Alternative pathway where glucose molecules can also be catabolized and form ATP molecules.

A

Pentose Phosphate Pathway/ Hexose Monophosphate Shunt/Phosphogluconate Oxidative Pathway

55
Q

It is the final common pathway for the breakdown of foodstuff where acetyl coA is utilized to generate this cycle in repoducing ATP.

A

Kreb’s Cycle/Citric Acid cycle/Tricarboxylic Acid cycle

56
Q

ØHydrolysis of glucose; major pathway for the utilization of glucose

A

GLYCOLYSIS

57
Q

Importance of glycolysis

A

Production of Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

58
Q

FATE OF PYRUVATE in Glycogenesis

A

converted to glucose-6-PO4

59
Q

FATE OF PYRUVATE in Gluconeogenesis

A

ammonia —> alanine

60
Q

FATE OF PYRUVATE in Citric acid Cycle

A

Oxidative decarboxylation
and combine with CoA —> acetyl CoA

61
Q

FATE OF PYRUVATE in Fermentation

A

Lactic acid

62
Q

oThe RBCs contain low concentration of the glycolytic intermediates, including the precursor, 2,3- Diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG)

A

HEXOKINASE DEFICIENCY

63
Q

oAll RBCs are completely dependent upon glycolytic activity for ATP production
oFailure of the pyruvate kinase reaction drastically impedes the production of ATP

A

PYRUVATE KINASE DEFICIENCY (Hemolytic Anemia)

64
Q

the values for blood lactate may be ≥5.0 mM

A

LACTIC ACIDOSIS

65
Q

common cause of hyperlactidemia

A

ANOXIA

66
Q

The shortage of O2 reduces mitochondrial production of ATP with the consequent activation of PFK, causing increased glycolysis and lactate production

A

ANOXIA

67
Q

Øprocess where the pyruvate produced in glycolysis undergoes further breakdown.
Ørequires oxygen and yields much more energy than glycolysis.

A

AEROBIC RESPIRATION

68
Q

Two processes in AEROBIC RESPIRATION

A

Krebs cycle
Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation

69
Q

Final common pathway of oxidative catabolism of all fuel molecules in aerobic cells (mitochondrial matrix)

A

TRICARBOXYLIC ACID CYCLE/CAC/KREB’S CYCLE

70
Q

Glycolysis is also known as

A

Embden Meyerhoff Pathway

71
Q

Regulator for Glycogenesis

A

Insulin

72
Q

Regulator for Glycogenolysis

A

Glucagon

73
Q

Secretes Growth/ somatotrophic hormone

A

Anterior pituitary gland

74
Q

Secrets glucagon hormone

A

Alpha cells

75
Q

Secretes insulin

A

B-cells/ beta cells

76
Q

Secrets Somatostatin

A

Delta cells

77
Q

Secretes Thyroxine

A

Thyroid gland

78
Q

Secretes Cortisol and Corticosteroids

A

Adrenal cortex = chromaffin cells

79
Q

Secretes Adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

Anterior pituitary

80
Q

Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

Adrenal medulla = chromaffin cells

81
Q

Secretes somatomedins

A

Liver

BIOCHEM (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions