carbohydrates part 2 Flashcards
(144 cards)
1
Q
what is the name of the bond that forms two monosaccharides
A
glycosidic bond
2
Q
what is a glycosidic bond
A
bond that joins carbohydrates
3
Q
which is the reducing sugar
A
the one with a hemiacetal/hemiketal
4
Q
which is the non-reducing sugar
A
the one with no hemiacetal/hemiketal
all anomeric carbons are in the glycosidic bond
5
Q
do reducing or non-reducing sugars have all anomeric carbons in their glycosidic bonds
A
non-reducing
6
Q
do reducing or non-reducing sugars have a hemiacetal/hemiketal sugar
A
reducing
7
Q
what happens when the anomeric carbon reacts with another alcohol group
A
it produces a full acetal or ketal
8
Q
how do you produce a full ketal or acetal
A
the anomeric carbon reacts with another alcohol group
9
Q
what bond connects the bases in the nucleic acids to the associated
A
N-glycosidic bonds
10
Q
what do O-glycosidic bonds connect
A
anomeric carbons to alcohols
11
Q
what bonds connect anomeric carbons to alcohols
A
O-glycosidic bonds
12
Q
what are glycans (1 word, another name for it)
A
polysacchardies
13
Q
what are 3 things that made polysaccharides distinct from eachother
A
- the monosaccharide units
- atoms involved in glycosidic bonds
- configuration of anomeric carbons
14
Q
how do you form a disaccharide
A
you combine 2 monosaccharides
15
Q
is the formation of a disaccharide anabolic or catabolic
A
anabolic
16
Q
is the formation of a disaccharide anabolic
A
yes
17
Q
is the formation of a disaccharide catabolic
A
no
18
Q
what 2 things form an O-glycosidic bond
A
hydroxyl group from one saccharide + anomeric carbon of the other
19
Q
is fructose a ketose or an aldose
A
ketose (ketone at C2)
20
Q
which 2 monosaccharides are in lactose
A
galactose and glucose
21
Q
which 2 monosaccharides are in sucrose
A
fructose and glucose
22
Q
which end does naming of the disaccharide start at
A
name at the non-reducing end
23
Q
do you start naming the disaccharide at the reducing end
A
no
24
Q
do you start naming the disaccharide at the non-reducing end
A
yes
25
how do you know if the disaccharide is in α or β configuration
name at the anomeric carbon of the linkage from monosaccharide 1 to 2
26
do you name monosaccharide 1 or 2 first
monosaccharide 1
27
how do you name monosaccharide 1
you say if its pyranose or furanose with ending "-osyl"
so pyranosyl or furanosyl
28
which suffix do you give to monosaccharide 1 to the pyranose or furanose word
-osyl
29
do you name the anomeric or hydroxyl monosaccharide first
anomeric
30
do you name the hydroxyl or anomeric monosaccharide first
anomeric
31
how do you name monosaccharide 2
with pyranose or furanose (no suffix)
32
what suffix do you use for reducing sugars
-ose
33
what suffix do you use for nonreducing sugars
-oside
34
which sugar do you use -ose suffix for
reducing
35
which sugar do you use -oside suffix for
non-reducing
36
what are the 5 steps of naming disaccharides
- name α or β
- name 1 with -osyl
- name the two joined with arror (anomeic-->hydroxyl)
- name 1
- suffix -ose (red) or oside (non-red)
37
which sugar is gal
galactose
38
which sugar is glc
glucose
39
which sugar is man
mannose
40
which sugar is rib
ribose
41
which sugar is xyl
xylose
42
what is the abbreviation for galactose
gal
43
what is the abbreviation for glucose
glc
44
what is the abbreviation for mannose
man
45
what is the abbreviation for ribose
rib
46
what is the abbreviation for xylose
xyl
47
what does it mean if the monosaccharide abbreviation starts with an N
its an amino derivative
48
how do you show that its an amino derivative with monosaccharide abbreviation
start with an N
49
is galactose a pyranose or furanose
pyranose
50
is glucose a pyranose or furanose
pyranose
51
is glucose a pyranose or furanose
pyranose
52
is fructose a pyranose or furanose
furanose
53
what is the ending of naming the fructofuranose if its a non reducing sugar
fructofuranoside
54
would the sugar be reducing or non-reducing if the glycosidic bond contains both the anomeric carbons
it will be non reducing (so no hemi-acetal)
55
does Glc(β1-->6)Glc contain an acetal
yes (reducing sugar so not double headed arrow)
56
is Glc(β1-->6)Glc reducing
yes
57
is Glc(β1-->6)Glc non reducing
no
58
can Glc(β1-->6)Glc undergo mutarotation
yes
59
which end of the disaccharide can do mutarotation
the reducing end
60
is Glc(β1-->6)Glc an isomer of sucrose
yes (just switch with fructose but same formula)
61
how many monosaccharides in a polysaccharide
more than 20
62
what are homopolysaccharides
when there is only 1 type of monosaccharide
63
what are heteripolysaccharides
two or more types of polysaccharides
64
what are 3 ways that polysaccharide structures can vary
- (un)branched
- diff glycosidic linkages
- length
65
do homopolysaccharides have defined molecular weights
no
66
what determines the structures adopted by homopolysaccharides
the monosaccharide units and nature of glycosidic linkages
67
what do homopolysaccharides try to maximize
hydrogen bonding
68
what do homopolysaccharides try to minimize
steric interactions
69
do homopolysaccharides associate with water or exclude
can be either
70
what do homopolysaccharides do to H bonding
try to maximize
71
what do homopolysaccharides do to steric interactions
try to minimize
72
what do homopolysaccharides do to water
either associate or exclude
73
what are 2 types of homopolysaccharides that are structural components
cellulose and chitin
74
what is cellulose
plant structural components
75
what is chitin
structural components in insects
76
whata are 2 storage forms for fuel that are homopolysaccharides
starch and glycogen
77
what is starch
storage for fuel in plants
78
what is glycogen
storage for fuel in animals
79
is cellulose linear
yes
80
is chitin linear
yes
81
is starch linear
no
82
is glycogen linear
no
83
what are the monomers in cellulose
glucose
84
what kind of glycosidic bond in cellulose
beta1-->4
85
is the glucose in cellulose D or L
D
86
how many units long can cellulose be
up to 15 000 units long
87
is cellulose flexible or rigid
rigid
88
is cellulose soluble
no
89
in cellulose which is the reducing end and which is the non reducing end
left is non reducing end right is reducing
90
is cellulose reducing or non reducing
reducing
91
what is the structure or cellulose like (like angles and how they connect) (3)
linear, extended, 180 degree rotation between sequential monosaccharides
92
do H bonds form in cellulose
yes
93
where does H bonds form in cellulose
between units in a chain and between adjacent chains
94
how does cellulose chains align
side-by-side to form extensive inter-molecular interactions
95
does cellulose have intermolecular interactions
yes
96
can animals digest cellulose and why
no because we have no enzymes to catabolize beta1-->4 linkages
97
what is cellulase and who has it
breaks down cellulose, found in fungi and termite symbiotes
98
what is the monosaccharide in chitin
N-Acetylglucosamine
99
what is the structure or chitin (like branched or what)
linear unbranched
100
what kind of glycosidic linkages in chitin
Beta1-->4
101
is chitin reducin
yes
102
what does chitin do (like what is the role of it)
hard exoskeletons of arthropods (insects, crustaceans)
103
what is cool about chitin
it has a hierarchical aspect to its macroscopic structures
104
where is starch and glycogen stored
as granules inside cells
105
what is starch made from
two polysaccharides
- amylose
- amylopectin
106
what is amylose
unbranched homopolysaccharide
107
what is amylopectin
branched homopolysaccharide
108
is amylose reducing or non reducing
reducing
109
what is the structure or amylose (like branched or what)
linear and unbranched
110
what kind of glucose (D or L) is in amylose
D-glucose
111
how long / how many units is the range of amylose
50 - 5000 units long
112
what kind of glycosidic bond does amylose have
α1-4
113
what is the structure or amylopectin (like branched or what)
highly-branched homopolysaccharide
114
what kind of glycosidic bond does amylopectin have
mostly α1-->4 then α1-->6 every 24-30 residues
115
how many monosaccharide units can be in amylopectin
10^6
116
is amylopectin reducing
yes
117
how many reducing ends in amylopectin
1
118
how many non reducing ends in amylopectin
multiple
119
what causes the formation of 1 new reducing end in amylopectin
when there is another new branch (α 1-->6)
120
which end of starch does breakdown/ synthesis
the non-reducing ends
121
how does amylose and amylopectin form together to make start
they wind around eachother in the same molecule in double helices
also amylopectin branches wind together in double helices
122
how many catalysis sites of starch are there
multiple
123
what is unique about the structure of amylose and amylopectin
they are helical
124
does amylose and amylopectin associate with water
yes they are extensively hydrated
125
how many monosaccharides per turn in amylose and amylopectin
6
126
does cellulose have a helical structure
no
127
is amylose single or double helix
it can be both
128
if amylopectin has 35 branch points, how many reducing ends are there?
1
129
if amylopectin has 35 branch points, how many nonreducing ends are there?
36
130
what is the structure or glycogen (like branched or what)
highly-branched homopolysaccharide
131
what is the homopolysaccharide in glycogen
D-glucose
132
what kinds of linkages happen in glycogen
primarily α1-->4 with some α1-->6 every 8-14 residues
133
how does starch and glycogen contrast when it comes to linkages
glycogen has the α1-->6 every 8-14 residues instead of every 24-30 with amylopectin
134
how many monosaccharide units can form one molecule of glycogen
50 000
135
do branch points occur more or less frequently in glycogen than amylopectin
more frequently
136
what is glycogenin
a protein found at the center of glycogen
137
what is the role of glycogen
protein that covalently attaches to the reducing end via a glycosidic linkage
138
where do the non reducing end(s) reside in glycogen and why
near the surface so they are available for use (like for consumption)
139
where do the reducing end(s) reside in glycogen and why
in the centre, bonded to glycogenin
140
is glycogen or glucose more reactive and why
glucose
glycogen only has 1 reducing end (attached to protein) and multiple non reducing ends
(glucose has aldehyde, things become covalently modified)
141
how do you compare the concentrations of glycogen vs glucose
glycogen has a lower concentration
142
what does o.o1uM of glycogen equate to in glucose
0.4M
143
what does 0.4M of glucose equate to in glycogen
o.o1uM
144
what does glycogen do to the osmotic effect of glucose and how
decreases because it is relatively insoluble so it doesnt create significant osmotic draw
