lipids-2

Question 1

what kind of enzymes are phospholipases

Answer 1

hydrolases

Question 2

what do type-A phospholipases do +(what cleave and what is left)

Answer 2

cleaves acyl groups yielding fatty acid + alcohol

Question 3

where does phospholipase A1 cleave

Answer 3

C-1 (cleaves between ether and carbonyl near R1)

Question 4

where does phospholipase A2 cleave

Answer 4

C-2 (cleaves between ether and carbonyl near R2)

Question 5

where does phospholipase C cleave

Answer 5

between glycerol and phosphate (phosphate group at C3)

Question 6

where does phospholipase D cleave

Answer 6

between phosphate and polar head group (phosphate group at C3)

Question 7

what do you get when you cleave a phospholipid with phospholipase C

Answer 7

diacylglycerol + phosphate head group structure

Question 8

what do you get when you cleave a phospholipid with phospholipase D

Answer 8

phosphatidate + polar head group

Question 9

what do you get when you cleave a phospholipid with phospholipase A2

Answer 9

R2 fatty acid and a lysophospholipid

Question 10

does R1 or R2 have a more saturated carbon chain in glycerophospholipids

Answer 10

R1

Question 11

does R1 or R2 have a more unsaturated carbon chain in glycerophospholipids

Answer 11

R2

Question 12

is R1 usually more saturated or unsaturated in glycerophospholipids

Answer 12

saturated

Question 13

is R2 usually more saturated or unsaturated in glycerophospholipids

Answer 13

unsaturated

Question 14

what do you get when you cleave a phospholipid with phospholipase A1

Answer 14

R1 fatty acid and a lysophospholipid

Question 15

which phospholipase would yield an unsaturated phospholipid from the membrane

Answer 15

phospholipase A2

Question 16

which phospholipase would yield a saturated phospholipid from the membrane

Answer 16

phospholipase A1

Question 17

what is the backbone in spingolipids

Answer 17

sphingosine

Question 18

what is a sphingosine backbone (where does it come from)

Answer 18

non-glyceride synthesized from a serine and palmitate

Question 19

is there a phosphate in the intrinsic sphingosine backbone

Answer 19

no

Question 20

what is a ceramide (What composes it)

Answer 20

sphingosine attached to a fatty via an amide bond

Question 21

how is the sphingosine attached to the fatty ac id

Answer 21

an amide bond

Question 22

what determines the class of sphingolipid

Answer 22

the polar head group

Question 23

what is the fatty acid residue like in ceramides

Answer 23

usually saturated

Question 24

what head group does sphingomyelin share with another glycerophospholipid

Answer 24

Phosphatidylcholine

Question 25

is sphingosine polar or non polar

Answer 25

it contains both a polar and non polar region

Question 26

what does the polar region of sphingosine resemble

Answer 26

glycerol but includes an amino group

Question 27

where is the variable polar group attached to in sphingolipids

Answer 27

C1

Question 28

what is the variable polar group in sphingomyelin

Answer 28

phosphocoline or phosohoethanolamine

Question 29

what is the variable polar group in cerebrosides

Answer 29

monosaccharide (glucose or galactose)

Question 30

what is the variable polar group in globosides

Answer 30

neutral olligosaccharide structure (2 or more sugars)

Question 31

what is the variable polar group in gangliosides + charge

Answer 31

oligosaccharides including at least one sialic acid (-)

Question 32

which versions of sphingolipids are glycolipids

Answer 32

cerebrosides, globosides, gangliosides

Question 33

does sphingocine have an instrinsic charge

Answer 33

no

Question 34

does gangliosides have an net charge

Answer 34

yes -

Question 35

does globosides have an net charge

Answer 35

no

Question 36

how is the neutral monosaccharide attached to the sphingosine

Answer 36

glycosidic bond

Question 37

what kind of charge is associated to sialic acid residues

Answer 37

-1

Question 38

where are galactolipids/ sulfolipids commonly found

Answer 38

in plant cells "chloroplast inner membrane)

Question 39

what is special about galactolipids/ sulfolipids

Answer 39

they do not require phosphate

Question 40

what can the charge be on sulfonates

Answer 40

they may carry a negative charge

Question 41

are all glycolipids galactolipids

Answer 41

no

Question 42

are all galactolipids glycolipids

Answer 42

yes

Question 43

what is the structure of galactolipids like (2 things)

Answer 43

1 or 2 galactose units ar C3, acyl chains at C1 C2

Question 44

what are the acyl chains of galactolipids derived from

Answer 44

inoleic acid

Question 45

what are 3 special structures that chaaracterize archae membrane lipids

Answer 45

- phospholipids - ether-linked - branched isoprenoid chains

Question 46

what is special about a lot of archae

Answer 46

extremophiles (heat acid salt)

Question 47

what is special about the ether linkages in archae membrane lipids

Answer 47

they are more resistant to hydrolysis in the presence of heat/low pH

Question 48

what kind of linkages are in archae membrane lipids

Answer 48

ether

Question 49

what kind of lipid is an archae membrane lipids

Answer 49

phospholipid

Question 50

what kind of chains are in archae membrane lipids

Answer 50

branched isoprenoid

Question 51

what is significant for using isoprenoid chains with archae

Answer 51

its more rigid so it has more resistance to degradation

Question 52

what are sterols

Answer 52

rigid membrane lipids with fused ring systemd

Question 53

what is the common sterol in humans

Answer 53

cholesterol

Question 54

what is the length of sterols like

Answer 54

equivalent to a 16:0 fatty acyl group

Question 55

what would be a sphingosine with a phosphocholine or phosphoethanolamine

Answer 55

sphingomyelin

Question 56

what would be a sphingosine with a monosaccharide (glucose or galactose)

Answer 56

cerebrosides

Question 57

what would be a sphingosine with a neutral oligosaccharide structure (2 or more sugars)

Answer 57

globosides

Question 58

what would be a sphingosine with an oligosaccharide with at least one sialic acid

Answer 58

ganglioside

Question 59

why can some compounds be classified as either lipid or lipid-associated

Answer 59

because of their overall hydrophobicity