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carbon Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 5 spheres

A 
lithos
bio
cryo
atmo
hydro
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2
Q

what percentage of carbon in lithosphere’s sedimentary rock

A

99.9

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3
Q

percentage of carbon in fossil fuels

A

0.004

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4
Q

what is carbon stored as in atmosphere

A

CO2 and CH4

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5
Q

percentage of carbon in atmosphere

A

0.001

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6
Q

how does carbon go into biospere

A

photosynthesis

in living organisms - transferred to soil when we decay and die

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7
Q

percentage of carbon in biosphere

A

0.004

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8
Q

what is most carbon in crysopshere in

A

permafrost

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9
Q

percentage of carbon in cryosphere

A

0.01

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10
Q

how is carbon in hydrosphere and where is most carbon in this sphere

A

dissolved in mostly deep in ocean

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11
Q

percentage of carbon in hydrosphere

A

0.04

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12
Q

whats carbon source

A

releases more carbon than taken

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13
Q

carbon sink

A

takes in more carbon than released

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14
Q

photosynthesis flow

A

atmosphere to bio
to make glucose and oxygen
carbon passed down food chain

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15
Q

combustion

A

fossil fuels cars fires

biomass to atmosphere

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16
Q

oceans

A

if oceans too carbon-rich co2 is released but mostly co2 is taken in and dissolved

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17
Q

respiration

A

glucose plus oxygen to co2 plus water

biosphere to atmosphere

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18
Q

decomposition

A

biomass to atmosphere or soil (humus)

decomposers release c02 while respiring too

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19
Q

weathering

A

carbon from atmosphere to biosphere of hydrosphere

acid rain dissloves rock into hydrosphere

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20
Q

sequestation

A

sedimentary rock or fossil fuels due to heat and pressure

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21
Q

fast carbon flows are …

A

photosynthesis
combustion
respiration
decomposition

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22
Q

how do wildfires affect carbon

A

large transfer of carbon form biosphere to atmosphere through combustion

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23
Q

positive feedback system with wildfires

A

wildfires —- less trees —– less photosynthesis ——-more co2 ——– higher temps ——more wildfires

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24
Q

negative feedback system wildfire

A

wildfire — removes old trees —- new young tree growth — takes in more carbon —-less temp rise —— less wildfires

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25
another natural cause for carbon exchange
volcanic eruptions - carbon in magma
26
4 human impacts that increased carbon
fossil fuel use land use change farming practices deforestation
27
fossil fuel use
combustion releases c02 into air
28
why does deforestation occur and how does it affect carbon
cleared for logging, farming, development | slash and burn less photosynthesis more combustion more decomposition
29
how does farming affect it
high population has high demand for food large cattle pops release ch4 and co2 ploughing releases co2 in soil increased mechanisation increased co2
30
land use change
increased urbanisation = increased concrete production plus vegetation removed
31
how does carbon affect the atmosphere
carbon is a greenhouse gas and increased carbon means more greenhouse gases = more tmep rise = global warming
32
how does carbon affect the land
warmer temps = more permafrost melts and then further more co2 released = positive feedback increased temps increases wildfire risk increased carbon = more plant growth and photosynthesis we need decomposers to respire and release carbon otherwise nutrients wouldnt be recycled
33
how dos carbon affect the oceans
C02 dissloves in oceans by phytoplankton to form calcium carbonate shells and skeletons high co2 increases acidity levels in oceans which could dissolve shells warming increases deaths of phytoplankton so less co2 absorbed by phytoplankton = increased warming positive feedback warmer waters less able to absorb co2 ocean temps increase so more storms and sea level rise
34
positive feedback
affects of action amplified by change
35
-ve feedback system
effects of action are nullified by change
36
example of positive
increase temp --- plants respire more --- more co2 released -- increased tmep
37
-ve ffedback
increased co2 ---- increases photosynthesis------ more co2 taken in -----less co2 in air
38
how do water and carbon interact
co2 plus water makes carbonic acid = weathering water is needed for photosynthesis so less co2 in air amount of co2 in air affects evaporation and precipitation rates
39
how will climate change affect the earth
sea level rise rainfall patterns change - dry drier and wet places wetter = farming decrease = food shortages extreme weather events more common ecosystems change = extinction decrease in phytoplankton = affect marine food chain
40
how much more co2 in air since 1975
40 percent
41
why such a large increase in co2
many countries industrialisation exponential pop growth globalisation
42
what organisation did UN set up and what does it do
intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC) share knowledge about climate change
43
what does IPCC want countries to do
reduce carbon emissions
44
mitigation on individual level
more efficient appliances public transport electric cars more insulation or double glazing
45
mitigation on national level
reduce fossil fuel use, reduce cost of renewable energies to increase use of them afforestation schemes planners increase green space and public transport invest in CCS = store co2 underground in depleted oil and gas reserves
46
global mitigations
Kyoto protocol plus the paris agreement = int treaties that control carbon emissions set emission limits and have carbon trading scheme
47
what is a system
assemblage of stores flows that interact and work together by processes
48
isolated system
unnatural - no interactions outside system
49
closed system
tarnsfer of energy no matter global water cycle
50
open system
matter and energy transferred drainage basin
51
if there was a 4 degrees temp rise what would happen to rain forest
85 percent rf destroyed
52
how to reduce human impacts in trfs
selective logging replanting environmental law national parks and nature reserves
53
what is dynamic equilibrium
small variation in inputs and outputs but system still remains balanced
54
how many species of plant in rainforest
1 million
55
how much of forest gone in past 50 years
17 percent
56
how much of south america does amazon cover
40 percent
57
what is worlds largest trf
amazon rainforest
58
why cant youger trees thrive
canopy from old trees block sunlight to forest floor so unable to photosynthesise
59
6 main reasons for deforestation in amazon
``` agriculture of palm oil logging fossil fuels urbansiaton ,road building mineral extraction HEP power ```
60
how much mineral mined in a year
30-100 tonnes of mercury a year
61
how many hep dams planned per year
150
62
impacts of deforestation
decrease biodiversity less evapotranspiration so less moisture in air so less rainfall less leaf litter so less new growth so less co2 absorbed rainfall leaches soil due to lack of roots = water contamination `
63
how much mositure into atmosphere from trees
20bn
64
how much of rainforest cut down each year
size of wales
65
why is methane worse than co2
10 times more potent
66
how much of co2 emissions does concrete production contribute for
8 percent
67
example of affoestation scheme in amazon
peru have planted 115 acres of trees
68
what does brazil forest code say
a least 50 percent of land as to remain forest
69
what has been set up in brazil
49000 km squared national park allows locals to work sustainably with forest
70
how much carbon enters atmosphere from deforestation in amazon
400 million tonnes

Alevel (30 decks)

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