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Alevel > organic chem > Flashcards

organic chem Flashcards

(77 cards)

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1
Q

how many reactants in RTD of sn1 reaction

A

1

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2
Q

how many reactants in RTD of sn2 reaction

A

2

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3
Q

which sn1 or sn2 produces planar transition state

A

sn1

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4
Q

how do racemic mixtures form

A

nucleophile can attack from any direction

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5
Q

what is a racemix mix

A

mixture that holds equal quantities of each enantimer and do not rotate the plane of polarised light as opposite rotations of enantimers cancel each other out

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6
Q

which sn1 or sn2 is optically active

A

sn2

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7
Q

what forces to aldehydes have between themselves

A

london forces

pd to pd

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8
Q

what forces do aldehyde and water have between each other

A

london

pd to pd

and hyrdorgen bonds bc o is very electronegative

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9
Q

what forces do ketones have between each other

A

LF and PD to PD

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10
Q

what forces do ketones plus water have between them

A

LF PD to PD and HB

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11
Q

testing for carbonyl group

what ions involved in oxidation test

A

dichromate ions

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12
Q

what substance causes a positive test and

colour change for positive oxidation test

A

aldehyde

orange to green

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13
Q

what ions involved in fehlings test

A

cu2+ complex ions

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14
Q

what causes positive result for fehlings and colour change

A

aldehyde

blue to brick red

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15
Q

what ions in tollens test

A

ag+ complex ions

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16
Q

what causes positive test for tollens and colour change

A

aldehyde

colourless to silver mirror

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17
Q

what is used in general carbonyl test

A

2 4 DNPH

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18
Q

what is positive result from general carbonyl test and colour change

A

bright yellow ppt from aldehyde and ketone

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19
Q

how would you identify compound from bright yellow ppt

A

find mp and compare to known values

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20
Q

what intermolecular forces for carboxylic acid

A

LF
PD to PD
HB

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21
Q

are carboxylic acids soluable

A

yes for short chains only as non polarity of carbon chain makes them less soluble

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22
Q

what does tghe iodoform test, test for

A

aldehydes and ketones

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23
Q

how is iodoform test carried out

A

add iodine and then sodium hydroxide

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24
Q

what does the sodium hydroxide do in iodoform test

A

removes colour in solution created by iodine

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25
what gives a positive result for iodoform test
pale yellow ppt (CH3I)
26
ester hydrolysis with acidic cat what is acidic cat
h2so4
27
equation for acidic ester hydrolysis
ester plus water ------> carboxylic acid plus alcohol
28
ester hydrolysis base cat equation
ester plus NaOH ---->salt plus alcohol salt = CH3COONa
29
what type of reaction is acid hydrolysis
reversible
30
is base hydrolysis reversible or irreversible
irreversible
31
why is benzene so stable
outer electron from p orbital of each carbon is delocalised causing p orbitals to overlap creating a ring of electron density above and below the c atoms
32
properties of benzene
high mp due to high stability low bp bc its non polar cannot disslove in water not very reactive due to stability carcinogenic suseptible to attack by electrophiles
33
why isnt kekule model correct
bc benzene carbon - carbon length is constant whereas kekule isnt kekeule would easily undogo addition reactions but benzene doesnt hydrogenation of benze is less negative than kekule model
34
what happens during combustion of benzene
high soot due to high carbon to hydrogen ratio smoke flame
35
phenol properties
solid at rtp due to hydrogen bonds pink crystaline solid slightly solouble in water dissolves in naoh to form salt as phenol is slightly acidic
36
what does oh group do to ring
lone pair of e actiate the pi system increasing the electron density making electrophylic attack easier
37
do amines accept or donate e
acceptors
38
amine plus water reaction
products = R - NH3+ plus OH- reaction is reversible
39
what does ammonia and amides act as
ligands because tehy can donate lone pair of e to transition metal
40
ligand
an ion or molecule attatched to a metal by coordinate bonding
41
C4H9NH2 + (Cu(H20)6)2+ ----->
C4H9NH2 + (Cu(H20)6)2+ -----> (Cu(C4H9NH2)4(H20)2)2+ + 4H2O light blue dark blue
42
nitrile to amine
reduction LiAlH4 dry ether dilute acid or Ni cat plus H2
43
how to get from peptide to amino acid
HCl aq reflux
44
alcohol plus CA reversible or irreversible
reversible
45
acylchloride plus CA reversible or irreversible
irreversible
46
what linkage is there when amine plus CA
peptide linkage
47
how to make grignards
HA plus Mg -----> R- Mg- Br in dry ether
48
what does grignard plus co2 make
carb acid
49
Ch3MgBr + CO2 ----> product and conditions
CH3COOH + Mg(OH)Br dilute H2SO4
50
what does adding an aldehyde form
primary or secondary alcohol
51
what does adding a ketone form to grignard
tertiary alcohol
52
what s a homologous series
same functional group and same generalformula
53
nucleophile
electron pair donors nh3 oh- cn-
54
electrophile
electron pair acceptors
55
radicals
atoms with unpaired electrons
56
chain isomerism
carbon skeleton arranged differently
57
positionla isomer
functional group changes carbon atom its attactched to
58
functional group isomerism
same atoms can be arranged into different functional groups
59
heterolytic fission
bonds break unevenly to produce two oppositely charged ions
60
homolytic fission
bonds break evenly to form two radicals
61
problem with FRS
you can get a mixture of unwanted products and structural isomers form
62
fracking oils from top to bottom
``` gases - cooking gas petrol -cars kerosene - jet fuel diesel - lorries lubricating oil - engine oil fuel oil - boats bitumen -roads ```
63
what does cracking do
produces shorter alkane and alkene
64
conditions for themral cracking
high pressure 70atm | and high temp 450 -700degrees
65
what does thermal cracking produce
high proportiona of alkenes used to make polymers
66
catalytic cracking conditions
zeolite cat | high temp 450 degrees
67
what does catalytic cracking rpoduce
high proportions of branched alkanes and aromatic hyddrocarbons
68
how are acid rains produced
fossil fuels contain sulfer that burns to form s02 which then dissolves to form sulphric acid in the air NOx produced at high temps in car engines - then dissloves in air to form acid rain
69
what do catalytic converters do
heterogenous platinum cat stops CO or NOx or unburnt hydrocarbons coming out and changes them into harmless gases like co2 and nitrogen 2NO + CO ---> N2 + CO2
70
how to make ethanol
fermentation hydration
71
conditions for fermentation
35 degrees and oxygen kept out to prevent oxidation
72
positives and negatives of fermentation
renewable slow batch production
73
positives and negatives of hydration
crudeoil | fast and pure
74
biofuels positives
renewable release less harmful gases carbon neutral
75
negatives of biofuels
batch production with low yield carr engines need to be modified transportation of fuels releases co2
76
what is sigma bond
overlapping of orbitals in space between atoms high e density and strong attraction between nuclei and shared e strong
77
pi bond
when two p orbital overlap sideway e density is spread out above and below nuclei weak bond restricts roation of molecule

Alevel (30 decks)

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