Carb formula
Cn(H2O)n
Glucose + Fructose
Sucrose (table sugar)
aldose
polyhydroxyl aldehyde
has an aldehyde group
ketose
poyhydroxyl ketone
ketone
Fructose is a
ketohexose
non super imposable images
chiral
carbon molecule is chiral if
it has at least one C atom bonded to four different atoms
D or L enantiomers (of monosaccharides) are more commonly used by the body?
D
most common Hexose
D-glucose (dextrose)
when an isomer opens and then returns back to the cyclic structrue (more stable), potentially altering the location of the –OH group
mutarotation
glucose + glucose =
maltose + h2o
glucose + galactose =
lactose + h2o
glucose + fructose =
sucrose + h2o
connects monosaccharides
glycosidic bond
Glycosidic bond is between 1 and 2 carbon so it cannnt form an open chain or be oxidized
(not a reducing sugar)
sucrose
amylose
amylopectin
glycogen
cellulose
D-glucose polysaccharides
starches can hydrolyze in water and acid to produce
dextrins
contain several hydroxyl groups attached to a chain of three to eight carbon atoms
Monosaccharides
the atoms are bonded in the same sequence but differ in the way they are arranged in space
stereoisomers
stereoisomers cannot be superimposed, they are called
enantiomers
places the most oxidized group at the top.
uses vertical lines for bonds that go back.
uses horizontal lines for bonds that go forward
Fischer projection
are produced from the reaction of a carbonyl group and a hydroxyl group in the same molecule.
Haworth structures
Alpha form (cyclic form)
OH is on the bttom
Beta form (cyclic form of sugar)
OH is on the top
a disaccharide also known as malt sugar. composed of two D-glucose molecules. obtained from the hydrolysis of starch. used in cereals, candies, and brewing. found in both the α and β forms.
Maltose
Maltose
linked by an α-(1,4)-glycosidic bond
disaccharide of β-D-galactose and α- or β-D-glucose
Lactose
β-(1,4)-glycosidic bond
lactose
has an α,β-(1,2)-glycosidic bond between carbon 1 of glucose and carbon 2 of fructose
Sucrose
polysaccharide cellulose is composed of glucose units connected by ____ bonds
β-(1,4)-glycosidic
composed of two kinds of polysaccharides: amylose and amylopectin
Starch
Amylose bond?
α-(1,4)-glycosidic bonds in a continuous chain
Polymer chains of amylose are coiled in a helical fashion.
Amylopectin bonds?
alpha 1,4
and
alpha 1,6
amylopectin bond
contains glucose molecules connected by α-(1,4)- and α-(1,6)-glycosidic bonds
Starches hydrolyze easily in water and acid to give smaller saccharides, called dextrins, which then _____ to maltose and finally glucose
hydrolyze
polymer of glucose that is stored in the liver and muscle of animals
Glycogen
are joined by α-(1,4)-glycosidic bonds, with branches attached by α-(1,6)-glycosidic bonds that occur every 10–15 glucose units
Glycogen
similar to amylopectin but more highly branched.
Glycogen
is a polysaccharide of glucose units in unbranched chains with β-(1,4)-glycosidic bonds
Cellulose
Cellulose cannot be digested by humans because humans cannot break down ___ bonds
β-(1,4)-glycosidic
are a type of unbranched polysaccharide that consist of repeating disaccharide units
Glycosaminoglycans