Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Hesi 2 > cardiac > Flashcards

cardiac Flashcards

(84 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is preload

A

amount of blood returning to heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is afterload

A

pressure against which the left ventricle must mumps to eject blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is contractility

A

strength of contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is compliance

A

how easily heart muscle expands when fired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is ejection fraction

A

amount of blood ejected
normal is 55% or higher
indicator of ventricle function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is stroke volume

A

blood pumped out of ventricles with each contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what determines stroke volume

A

preload
afterload
contractility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how is cardiac output calculated

A

SV X HR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

signs of poor cardiac output

A

decreased LOC
chest pain, weak peripheral pulses
SOB, Crakles, Rales
cool, clammy, mottled extremities
decreased up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

causes of decreased CO

A

bradycardia
hypotension
MI
Cardiac muscle disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

causes of increased CO

A

increased blood volume (sometimes)
tachycardia (sometimes)
Ace inhibitors
ARBS
nitrates
inotropes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

classes of antihypertensives

A

Ace inhibitors
angiotensin 2 blockers
arterial and venous violators
calcium channel blockers
beta blockers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

types of ace inhibitors

A

catopril
enalapril
lisinopril

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

name an angiotensin 2 receptor blocker

A

losartan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

arterial and venous dilators

A

hydralazine
nitro

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

calcium channel blockers

A

amlodipine
nifedipine
verapamil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

enalapril indication and considerations

A

hypertension, CHF
can cause dry cough (discontinue if so)
monitor BP
contraindicated in pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

losartan indication and considerations

A

HTN, DM neuropathy, CHF
monitor BP
monitor fluid levels
monitor liver and kidneys
contraindicated in pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

amlodipine indications and considerations

A

HTN, angina
avoid grapefruit
monitor BP (orthostatic Hypotension)
can cause gingival hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

arterial dilators

A

hydralazine
minoxidil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

hydralazine side effects

A

orthostatic hypotension
reflex tachycardia
headache
nausea
long term use can lead to RA or lupus like symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

characteristics of minoxidil

A

more potent than hydralazine
can cause myocardial ischemia and pericardial effusion, hirsutism
topically used as rogain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

list some venodilators

A

nitrates-nitro and isosorbide dinitrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

side effects of nitrates

A

can cause headache, dizziness, flushing, orthostatic hypotension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
types of beta blockers
propranalol atenolol metoprolol esmolol sotalol
26
indications for propranalol
HTN, angina, arrhythmias, MI, cardiomyopathy, alcohol withdrawal, anxiety
27
considerations for propranalol
do not discontinue abruptly can mask signs of hypoglycemia caution with asthma and COPD (can cause bronchospasm)
28
amiodarone indications and considerations
arrhythmias has iodine and can disturb thyroid not given in pregnancy
29
adverse effects of amiodarone
dizziness tremors ataxia pulmonary fibrosis bradycardia heart block blue grey skin
30
adenosine indications and considerations
SVT period of systole after administration will feel like being kicked in the chesgt rapid push or won't work extreme caution in asthmatics
31
atropine indication and considerations
excessive secretions, sinus Brady, heart block monitor urinary retention and constipation avoid in people with gluacoma
32
indications for digoxin
hear failure, a fib a flutter, chf cariogenic shock
33
therapeutic level for digoxin
.5-2
34
early signs of digoxin toxicity
nausea vomiting anorexia vision changes (yellow, green halos)
35
late signs of digoxin toxicity
bradycardia>arrhythmias
36
risk factors for digoxin toxicity
hypokalemia (loop diuretics) licorice extracts (black licorice) hypomagnesemia hyprcalcemia elderly (liver and renal function)
37
antidote for digoxin toxicity
digoxin immune fab
38
what meds are inotropes
dopamine dobutamine milrinone (increase contractility)
39
what drugs are vasopressors
norepinephrine epinephrine vasopressin phenylephrine (increase BP)
40
name sieges of veins
chronic venous insufficiency/PVD DVT superior venacava syndrome
41
what is peripheral vascular disease
inadequate venous return over a long period
42
what can peripheral vascular disease cause
pathologic ischemia
43
signs of pathologic ischemia
blood flow back to heart is affected brown discoloration uneven wound edges around ankle swelling pedal pulse is present
44
treatment of peripheral vascular disease
elevate legs focus on proper wound care
45
causes of DVT
venous stasis vein wall damage hypercoaguable state
46
factors leading to venous stasis
immobility age LHF
47
prevention of DVT
anticoagulant
48
what happens during superior vena cava syndrome
can't drain blood from upper body (pressure on superior vena cava like tumor)
49
symptoms of superior vena cava syndrome
facial plethora non pulsative distende neck veins glossitis headache blurry vision distention of thoracic veins dypnea upper extremity edema
50
diseases of arteries
atherosclerosis hypertension orthostatic hypotension aneurysm peripheral artery disease coronary artery disease chronic stable angina acute coronary syndrome
51
what Diseases are included in acute coronary syndrome
unstable angina MI
52
what happens with atherosclerosis
begins with endothelial injury and evolves to fibrotic plaque that builds and and decreases blood flow and can rupture
53
what happens if plaque in atherosclerosis ruptures
can cause thrombosis vaso constriction ischemia is the most common cause of coronary artery disease and cerebrovascular disease
54
HTN BP parameters
normal 120/80 elevated 120-129/80 HTN >130/>80 HTN crisis >180/>120
55
symptoms of hypertension
dizziness headache vision changes angina SOB nose bleed
56
risk factors for hypertension
smoking stress excessive salt intake family history african american increased age obesity hyperlipidemia coronary artery disease caffeine
57
complications of hypertension
stroke MI renal failure heart failure vision loss
58
treatment of hypertention
ace inhibitors beta blockers CCB diuretics Dash diet avoid caffeine and alcohol weight loss quit smoking exercise
59
what are aneurysms
localized dilation of vessel wall (aorta most common)
60
causes of aneurysms
atherosclerosis HTN family history smoking
61
symptoms of abdominal aortic aneurysm
most common abdominal pain, back pain gnawing and sharp
62
thoracic aortic aneurysm symptoms
SOB hoarseness/ difficulty swallowing back pain
63
characteristics of ruptured aortic aneurysm
life threatening severe pain do not palpate pulsating mass
64
who is most at risk for embolism
pregnant women people with A-fib long bone fracture
65
what is an air embolism
complication of surgery high risk placement of CVC or arterial catheter position in left lateral trendelenberg (Durants maneuver
66
symptom of fat embolism
hypoxia tachypnea altered LOC confusion dypnea petechia rash (sometimes)
67
what is peripheral arterial disease
atherosclerosis of peripheral arteries
68
assessment of PAD
pallor pulselessness hairlessness intermittent laudation pain in legs while walking gets better with rest
69
treatment of PAD
dangle legs anti platelet therapy
70
what is coronary artery disease
occlusion of coronary artery resulting from atherosclerotic plaques
71
risk factors of coronary artery disease
increased age dyslipidemia obesity hypertension smoking sedentary life
72
what can coronary artery disease cause
myocardial ischemic chronic stable angina-reversable
73
what's chronic stable angina
narrowing of coronary arteries and plaque build up with periods of decreased blood flow leading to decreased o2 and ischemia that causes chest pain that is predictable and goes away with rest and nito
74
what is unstable angina
pain that does not go away with rest and nitro, reversible myocardial ischemia can progress to MI
75
MI assessment
chest pain that is crushing and can radiate to left arm or jaw and between shoulder blades epigastric discomfort fatigue SOB vomiting increased troponin
76
disorders of the heart wall
pericarditis pericardial effusion cardio myopathies valve disorders endocarditis
77
causes of pericarditis
infection tumor drugs
78
signs of pericarditis
chest pain tachypnea fever, chills weakness
79
treatment of pericarditis
NSAI D
80
what is pericardial effusion
collection of fluid in pericardial sac the impairs cardiac function if severe obstructive cariogenic shock
81
signs of pericardial effusion
chest pain muffled heart sounds
82
treatment of pericardial effusion
pericardiocentesis
83
what can endocarditis lead to
valve abnormalities (stenosis, regurgitation) poor CO bacteremia bacterial emboli
84
treatment for endocarditis
ABX

Hesi 2 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions