Cardiac Flashcards
(65 cards)
1
Q
General Signs and Symptoms for Cardiovascular Disease (9)
A
- pain/angina
- palpitations
- dyspnea
- syncope
- fatigue
- cough
- cyanosis
- edema
- claudication
2
Q
a group of diseases involving heart and blood vessels
A
cardiovascular disease
3
Q
systolic BP:
A
pressure exerted by the heart when it contracts
4
Q
diastolic BP:
A
pressure in arteries and arterioles between heart beats
5
Q
hypertension
A
high blood pressure
6
Q
Most people with HTN are ______. Common SandS are:
- dull headaches
- dizziness
- nose bleeds
- sweating
- flushing
- blurred vision
- BP > 140/90
A
asymptomatic
7
Q
diuretics, ACE inhibitors, Beta blockers, calcium channel blockers are medications that may
A
control HTN
8
Q
lack of adequate blood flow to cardiac muscle tissue
includes angina pectoris, MI, and arteriosclerosis
A
Coronary Artery Disease
AKA:
Coronary heart disease (CHD)
9
Q
risk factors for _____:
- smoking
- high cholesterol
- HTN
- DM
- stress
- family history
- obesity
- sedentary lifestyle
A
CAD, Coronary Artery Disease
10
Q
hardening of the arteries
- no known etiology
- over time and too much pressure, walls of the arteries lose their elasticity become thick and hard.
- often associated with HTN
A
Arteriosclerosis
11
Q
most common form of arteriosclerosis
- presence of plaques inside walls of large arteries
- overtime plaque hardens and narrows arteries, limits oxygen-rich blood to organs and other parts of body
- no symptoms until 75% blockage
A
Artherosclerosis
12
Q
risk factors for _____:
- age (more common 40+)
- gender
- family history
- lifestyle
- cigarette smoking
- diet
- DM
- HTN
A
Atherosclerosis
13
Q
We can treat artherosclerosis by (5):
A
- lowering cholesterol
- decrease sodium intake
- control high BP
- smoking cessation
- possible surgical intervention
14
Q
3 diagnostic type tests to determine arteriosclerosis and/or artherosclerosis
A
- blood work to check cholesterol levels
- exercise stress test
- angiogram
15
Q
sub-sternal chest pain after exertion
- pain or tightness typically on left side of chest, may radiate to left arm/back/jaw
- dyspnea
- BP may also increase
- pallor
- diaphoresis
- nausea
- cyanosis
typically a symptom of MI
A
Angina Pectoris
16
Q
Etiology for _____:
- insufficient myocardial blood supply, vasospasm, myocardial hypertrophy, respiratory disease, severe anemia
precipitating factors: increased activity, emotions, respiratory infection, extreme weather/pollution, large meals
A
angina pectoris
17
Q
Treatment for ________ include:
- rest
- vasodilators
- nitroglycerin,
- avoid stressors
- anti-anxiety
- stress education
A
angina pectoris
18
Q
Signs and symptoms ______:
- chest pain
- sense of heaviness in chest
- nausea/vomiting
- arrythemias
- sweating
- hypotension
- wekness
- SOB
- light headedness
- levine sign
A
Heart Attack
Myocardial infarction
19
Q
most common cause of a heart attack is ________.
A
artherosclerosis
20
Q
3 ways to develop infarction
A
- thrombus builds up to obstruct artery
- vasospasm occurs
- part of the thrombus breaks away, forming embolus
21
Q
Pathophysiology of an MI:
- ___1___ is totally obstructed.
- heart tissue becomes__2__.
- __3__ zone = area of injury, inflammation, and ischemia around tissue
- myocardial ___4___ and conduction lost quickly as O2 supply is depleted.
A
- coronary artery
- necrotic
- necrotic
- contractility
22
Q
Treatment for MI (3):
A
- cardiac rehab
- possible surgery
- medications
23
Q
Veins from pt’s leg grafted to replace damaged coronary artery
A
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft
aka: “open heart” surgery
24
Q
per surgeon, limits on pulling, pushing, overhead reaching and driving for 2 months.
A
sternal precautions post CABG.
25
blood clot, thrombophlebitis
risk factors: immobility, trauma, lifestyle, hypercoagulation, >60 yo, DM, genetics
Tx: anti-coagulation, 24 hrs bed rest, compression, heparin, avoid straining activities
Deep Vein Thrombosis, DVT
26
interpretation of score for _______:
```
<0 = 3% chance of DVT
1-2 = 17% chance of DVT
=>3 = 75% chance of DVT
```
Wells Prediction Rule
27
not a specific disease, but a complication of HTN and ischemia
results in inability of heart to pump enough blood
blood backs up into pulmonary veins
Congestive Heart Failure
| CHF
28
when working properly, ____ prevent backflow of blood.
- tricuspid
- biscuspid/mitral
- Aortic and pulmonary SL valves
valves
29
congenital defect in valve structure, or caused by infection/inflammation
results in:
- inefficient blood flow through the heart
- decreased cardiac output
valve disorders
30
Signs and symptoms of _____:
- may be asymptomatic
- fatigue
- heart murmur
- abnormal heart sounds
- possible tachycardia
Valve disorders
Treatment includes valve replacement and medications
31
Eitology:
- defective heart valves low virulent organism = subacute
- normal valves highly virulent organism = acute
subacute signs: heart murmur low grade fever, fatigue, anorexia
acute: sudden spiking fever, chills, drowziness
endocarditis
32
deviations from normal cardiac rate or rhythm d/t damage to the heart's conduction system
arrythmias
33
a graphical recording of the cardiac cycle
conduction of impulses in the heart produces an electric current that is picked up by electrodes placed on the skin
shows speed of HR, rhythm, str and timing of signals as they pass through each part of heart
electrocardiogram
34
slower than normal heart rate, typically 60 bpm (adults)
| - caused by parasympathetic or vagus nerve stimulation
bradycardia
35
fainting due to arrythmias, orthostatic hypotension, aortic dissection, hypoglycemia, CAD
Cardiac syncope
36
fainting due to systemic vasodilation resulting in cerebral hypoperfusion. occurs after prolonged sitting or standing
vasovagal syncope
37
rapid firing of the sinoatrial node in response to exercise, exertion, excitement, pain, fever, excessive thyroid hormone, hypoxia, or stimulant drugs
HR over 100bpm
sinus tachycardia
38
abnormal, rapid heart rythm originating from the ventricle.
likely to reduce cardiac output b/c the filling time is reduced
ventricular tachycardia
39
a slight variation in cycling of the sinus rhythm
a normal finding in children and young adults but disappears with age
sinus arrythmia
40
atria beat chaotically and irregularly. out of coordination with the ventricles
irregular/rapid HR commonly causes poor blood flow to the body
atrial fibrillation
41
extra, abnormal heartbeats that begin in one of the 2 ventricles can cause a flip-flop or skipped beat
premature ventricular contraction (PVC)
42
abnormal irregular heart rhythm. Very rapid, uncoordinated, fluttering contractions of ventricles
most commonly associated with heart attacks and is life threatening
ventricular fibrillation
43
ultrasound waves create a moving picture of the heart
more detailed than a plain x-ray image, no radiation exposure
shows how heart is beating. can detect congenital heart defects in unborn babies
echocardiogram
44
checks for blockages in coronary arteries
catheter inserted in artery or vein groin, neck, or arm
used to locate narrowing, aneurysm, or blockages of blood vessels with dye
cardiac catheterization
45
post-op precautions for ______:
- for 2 days no driving, no lifting >20lbs, no deep knee bends, no pushing/pulling
cardiac catheterization
46
treadmill or pedaling at increasing levels of difficulty while monitored. used to measure how heart responds to exertion
exercise stress test
47
medication:
- dilate coronary blood vessels, reducing peripheral resistance
- work directly on artery wall muscles, preventing them from tightening or narrowing
vasodilators
ie. nitroglycerin
48
medication:
- block beta-adrenergic receptors in the heart to prevent increased heart activity
- blocks effects of epinephrine/adrenaline
HR will not increase with exercise with pt is on this. IMPORTANT
beta blockers
49
medication:
- prevents calcium from entering cardiac and smooth muscle cells, results in lower BP
- widen blood vessels by affecting muscle cells in arterial walls
- decreases cardiac contractility, helping to prevent arrythmias
calcium channel blockers
50
medication:
- Tx for heart failure and atrial dysrythmias
- slow conduction of impulses and pulse
- improves efficiency by increasing contractility
- narrow range between effective and toxic
digoxin
51
medication:
- removes excess sodium and water through kidneys, blocks their reabsorption
- often referred to as "water pills"
- useful in tx of HTN and CHF, increases urine output, reduces blood volume and edema
- removes potassium, requires potassium replacement
diuretics
52
medication:
- blood thinners
- reduced risk of blood clots in coronary systemic arteries
- tend to prevent new clots from forming or an existing slot from enlarging
- they cannot dissolve blood clot
anticoagulants
53
medication:
- angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
- prevents an enzyme from producing angiotensin II, a substance that narrows blood vessels and releases hormones that can raise BP
- this narrowing can cause high BP
ACE inhibitors
54
inflammation of the pericardium
caused by compression of the heart d/t trauma, infection, neoplasms, or radiation
pericarditis
55
Signs and symptoms for ______:
- sharp chest pain
- aggravated by coughing or supine
- fever
- SOB
- friction rub
pericarditic
Tx: rest, anti-inflammatories
NO EXERCISE
56
inflammation of the heart muscle
caused by infection
myocarditis
57
Signs and symptoms for ____:
- chest pain
- abnormal heartbeat
- fatigue
- fever
- bilat leg swelling
- SOB
Myocarditis
Tx: decrease activities, medications = antibiotic, inflammatory, diuretics
58
diseases of the heart muscle: enlarged, thick and rigid heart muscle
acquired or inherited
cardiomyopathy
tx: surgery, devices, lifestyle changes
59
dilation and weakening of arterial wall
caused by artherosclerosis, trauma, syphilis, infections, congenital, HTN
SnS: palpable pulsating, dysphagia, severe pain
Aortic aneurysm
Tx: surgery, graft,
avoid exertion, stress, coughing, constipation
60
caused by artherosclerosis
SnS: intermittent caludication, wounds
supervised exercise training significantly improves walking ability
Peripheral Arterial Disease
| PAD or PVD
61
lymphatic system consists of (5):
- tonsils
- spleen
- thymus gland
- lymph nodes
- lymphatic vessels
62
functions of lymphatic system (5)
- prevents interstitial edema
- assists in the digestion of fats
- immunological functions
- makes WBC
- drains all but CNS tissue in regions
63
abnormal accumulation of protein rish fluid in interstitium
results in chronic inflammation and reactive fibrosis of the tissues
lymphedema
64
Signs and symptoms for _____:
- pitting
- often starts distally
- cellulitis is common
- discomfort, heaviness, achiness
- skin changes
lymphedema
65
the 5 components of complete decongestive therapy
- manual lymph massage
- compression bandaging
- exercise
- skin and nail care
- instruction in self-care
