Endocrine Flashcards
(50 cards)
secrete hormones into blood which circulate to target cells in glands or tissues
endocrine glands
chemical messengers classified by action, source, or chemical structure (steroid or non-steroid)
hormones
After acting on specific receptors/target cells, ______ are metabolized (excreted by kidneys) preventing excessive accumulation over time.
hormones
The release if hormones is a _______ feedback mechanism
negative feedback
the endocrine system works with the ______ system to regulate metabolic activities
nervous system
to maintain well-controlled blood level of a substance a balance of several hormones is required. The ____ or ____ of hormone secretions will affect overall hormone levels
rate, timing
3 causes of hormonal imbalance
- adenomas: secretory/ excess hormone, destructive/ hormonal deficit
- resistant target cells (create hormone deficit)
- congenital/infection/vascular defects
______ may treat hormone deficits
hormone replacement therapy
_____ may treat adenomas causing excessive secretions
surgery/radiation
Hormone _______:
- from pancreas
- controls amount of blood sugar
- controls cellular uptake off glucose and liver glycogenesis
- assists in synthesis of proteins and fats
- deficient insulin results in abnormal carbohydrate/protein/fat metabolism d/t impaired transport of glucose and amino acids into cells
- adversely affects many tissues/organs
insulin
Disorder _________:
- blood sugar (glucose) levels are abnormally high
- body does not produce enough insulin to meet its needs
- adversely affects many tissues and organs
Diabetes Mellitus
type __ diabetes:
- body does not produce insulin (autoimmune). Body destroys B cells from Islets of Langerhans
- typically diagnosed in children and young adults (generally occurs around age 12)
- sudden onset
Type I insulin dependent
type __ diabetes:
- most common type
- either the body does not produce enough insulin or the cells ignore the insulin
- gradual onset in older adults
Type II non-insulin dependent
Pathophysiology: _____ stage
- decreased transport and use of glucose in many cells
- blood glucose levels rise
- excess glucose spills into urine as glucose level exceeds absorption capacity of renal system
- increased urine production = dehydration
- lack of nutrients entering cells stimulates appetite
initial diabetes stage
Pathophysiology: _____ stages
- lack of glucose in cells results in catabolism of fats and proteins, leading to excessive fatty acids and ketones in the blood
- as dehydration develops, excretion of acids becomes more limited which may lead to a diabetic coma
- more common in type 1
later diabetes stages
signs of ______:
- weight gain
- glyosuria
- polyuria
- weight loss
- fluid loss
- non-healing infections
- neuropathy
- gastroparesis
diabetes
symptoms of _____:
- frequent urination
- constant thirst
- increased hunger
- fatigue
- tingling toes
- blurred vision
- dry mouth
- N&V
diabetes
4 diabetes diagnostic tests:
- fasting blood glucose level
- glucose tolerance test
- glycosylated hemoglobin test (monitors long term control of blood glucose levels)
- urine tests
diabetes: 3 levels of control (treatment)
- diet and exercise
- oral medication to increase insulin secretion or reduce insulin resistance
- insulin replacement
diabetes blood glucose levels goal:
70-130 mg/dl before meals
_____ increases muscle glucose uptake without increasing insulin utilization
exercise
- low to mod intensity 3-5x/wk
- at least 170 min/wk increases cell sensitivity to glucose
- 180 min/wk improves vascular function
DM oral medications:
- anti-diabetic agents or oral hypoglycemic drugs for type 2
- metformin
- glucophage
acute complication d/t excess of insulin, causes deficit of glucose in the blood
occurs suddenly following strenuous exercise, dosage error, vomiting, skipping a meal after taking insulin
hypoglycemia (insulin shock)
lack of glucose quickly affects nervous system
what to look for in hypoglycemia:
- slurred speech
- poor coordination
- staggering gait
- lack of coordination
- increased pulse
- pale, moist skin
- anxiety
- tremors
