cardiac Flashcards
(64 cards)
why is the right side internal jugular more important to check than the left side?
drains directly into the vena cava (directly reflects pressure in right atrium
checks: cardiac function and
volume status- fluid overload in atrium may back up into right internal jugular
what muscle does the internal jugular hide behind?
between sternal and clavicular heads of sternocleidomastoid muscle
what surrounds the heart?
fibrous pericardial sac : Two layers, visceral which attaches to the heart and parietal that attaches to the fibrous membrane. This creates the serous pericardial cavity (potential space).
heart chambers: _____ is the high pressure system and ____ is the low pressure system
left- high pressure
right- low pressure
cardiac cycle: diastole
the period of ventricular relaxation
Aortic valve closed; Pulmonary valve closed
Mitral valve open; Tricuspid valve open
cardiac cycle: systole
the period of ventricular contraction
Aortic valve open; Pulmonary valve open
Mitral valve closed; tricuspid valve closed
At the end of ______ the atrium contracts increasing pressure in both chambers
diastole
Left- as the left ventricle contracts the pressure increases closing the _____ valve and opening the _____valve.
mitral, aortic
As the left ventricle ejects most of its blood the ventricular pressure decreases; the pressure in the ____ exceeds that of the _______ and the ________ closes.
aorta, ventricle, aortic valve
The pressure in the _______increases starting the next diastole.
atrium
what marks the beginning of diastole?
closing of aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves
what are the “final moments” of diastole and the “end” of diastole?
final moments: atrial contraction
end: closure of AV valves (tricuspid and mitral)
opening of aortic and pulmonary valves is during _____
systole
heart sounds are caused by what?
Heart sounds are caused by the valves closing. The sounds arise from the vibrations from the leaflets, the adjacent cardiac structures and the flow of blood.
S1 vs S2
S1 is the sound of the mitral and tricuspid valves closing
S2 is the sound of t
the ____ side sounds of the heart are louder due to _____
left, higher pressure
what causes “split” heart sounds?
The heart sounds are made by the valves closing. When the valves do not close at the same time there is a “splitting” of the sound where each component is heard separately
split S1
S1 is composed of the mitral valve (L) and the tricuspid valve (R) closing.
A split in S1 almost always indicates an abnormality within the heart. Such as a conduction defect.
split S2
Split S2 can be a normal finding. During inspiration there is a drop in intrathoracic pressure causing increased filling of the RV delaying the closure of the pulmonic valve. This is called a physiologic split S2 and goes away with expiration.
Other pathologic reasons can cause a split S2 that will NOT go away with expiration.
opening snap
Heard in early diastole when a stenotic mitral valve opens. “like a bad creaky door”
systolic click
Heard with a prolapse of the mitral valve during systole as the increased ventricular pressure pushes the valve through to the atrium. “like a snapple cap that can’t hold the pressure”
pericardial friction rub
When the pericardial sac becomes inflamed it makes a grating sound as the heart beats.
This sound is in early diastole when the blood passively enters the ventricles and contacts the walls causing them to vibrate.
S3 “ventricular Gallop”
when would someone have an S3?
Can occur in healthy people when cardiac output is elevated (normal high vol. state- e.g. pregnancy)
Most often when ventricular wall is abnormal
