Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Clin Skills > musculoskeletal: part 1 > Flashcards

musculoskeletal: part 1 Flashcards

(89 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

which plane passes through body vertically parallel to median plane?

A

sagittal plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

which plane passes vertically through midline of body dividing it into right and left sides

A

median plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

which plane passes horizontally through body at right angles to frontal and sagittal planes?

A

transverse plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

which plane passes longitudinally through body dividing into front and back?

A

frontal (coronal) plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

which plane? “sections are slices of the body or any of its parts that are not cut along the previously listed anatomical planes”

A

oblique plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

ipsilateral vs contralateral

A

Ipsilateral-occurring on the same side of the body

Contralateral-occurring on the opposite side of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

flexion vs extension

A

Flexion-bending or decreasing the angle between bones or parts of the body
Extension- straightening, increasing the angle between the bones or parts of the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is “circumduction”?

A

circular movement that involves sequential flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction (or in the opposite order) in such a way that the distal end of the part moves in a circle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

medial rotation vs lateral rotation

A 
Medial rotation (internal rotation) brings the anterior surface of a limb closer to the median plane 
Lateral rotation (external rotation) takes the anterior surface away from the median plane.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

pronation vs supination

A

Pronation- elbows flexed, palms facing down

Supination- elbows flexed, palms facing up.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

plantar flexion vs dorsiflexion

A

Plantar flexion- of the foot, extension of the ankle joint, distal foot is pointed
Dorsiflexion- flexion of the ankle joint, distal foot moves up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

eversion vs inversion

A

Eversion-moves the sole of the foot away from the median plane, turning the sole laterally
Inversion-moves the sole of the foot toward the median plane, facing the sole medially

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

articular vs extra-articular structures

A

Articular structures
Joint capsule and articular cartilage, synovium/synovial fluid, intra-articular ligaments, juxta-articular bone
Extra-articular structures
Periarticular ligaments, tendons, bursae, muscle, fascia, bone, nerve, overlying skin
Ligaments + tendons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

ligaments vs tendons

A

Ligaments – bone to bone

Tendons – muscle to bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

joint articulation: what is the mobility differences between synovial, cartilaginous, + fibrous

A

synovial- freely move
cartilaginous - slightly move
fibrous- immovable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

examples of synovial, cartilaginous + fibrous joints

A

Synovial – Knee, shoulder * Bones do not touch
Cartilaginous –Vertebral bodies *Discs with nucleus pulposus
Fibrous – Skull sutures * Bones almost in direct contact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

3 types of synovial joints

A

ball + socket (spheroidal), hinge, condylar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

describe the 3 synovial joints (ball+socket, hinge, condylar) +examples of each

A

Ball+socket: Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction (wide-ranging)
ex/ Shoulder, hip
Hinge: Flat, planar – move in one plane (flex/extend)
ex/ IP joints, elbow
Condylar: Convex or concave
ex/ Knee, TMJ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

define bursae

A

a synovial sac that allow adjacent muscles or muscles and tendons to glide over each other during movement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what two places can bursae be found?

A
  1. between the skin and the convex surface of a bone or joint
  2. In areas where tendons or muscles rub against bone, ligaments or other tendons or muscles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

2nd most common reason for office visits

A

low back pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

low back pain that is midline vs off midline: what things could it be from?

A

Midline: Musculoligamentous injury, disc herniation, vertebral collapse, spinal cord mets, epidural abscess (rare)
Off Midline: Sacroiliitis, trochanteric bursitis, sciatica, hip arthritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

low back pain w/ radiation (paresthesias/numbness) could be cause by what?

A

-Radicular pain arises from spinal nerve compression
Low back- herniated disc
Neck – degenerative changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

low back pain w/ bowel/bladder disruption is likely from what?

A

Bowel/bladder function

cauda equina syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
health history: red flags for serious underlying condition causing BACK PAIN
<20 years or >50 Hx of Cancer unexplained weight loss pain > 1 year, or not responding to treatment pain at night or present at rest Hx of IV drug use Presence of active infection or HIV infection Long-term steroid use Saddle anesthesia, bowel or bladder incontinence Neurologic symptoms or progressive neurologic deficit
26
joint pain: monoarticular, polyarticular, vs extra articular
1. Monoarticular – localized to one joint 2. Polyarticular – several joints Pattern? Migrating? Symmetric? 3. Extraarticular Myalgias – muscle pain Arthralgia – pain but no evidence of arthritis
27
Can assume it is _______ if they have swelling, stiffness or decreased range of motion
articular
28
_________pain- loss of active but not passive range of motion (always from patient’s perspective)
nonarticular
29
what is "inspected" for in exam
Joint symmetry, alignment, deformities, surrounding tissues, nodules, atrophy
30
what is "palpated" for in exam ?
Skin changes, nodules, muscle atrophy, crepitus, tenderness
31
how is ROM/joint fxn and stability tested in exam?
Active vs. passive ROM (always from patient’s perspective) | Ligaments, tendons, bursae
32
signs of inflammation in exam
Swelling, warmth, tenderness, redness (least common sign of inflammation)
33
most active joint in the body
TMJ
34
what type of joint is TMJ? what muscles does it involve? nerve?
Condylar synovial joint External (lateral) pterygoids (open mouth) and masseter, temporalis, and internal pterygoids - nerve: trigeminal
35
how do you palpate for swelling of TMJ?
Tips of index fingers just in front of tragus of each ear “Open and close your mouth several times.” Smooth? Tenderness?
36
TMJ ROM- (4)
Glide and hinge Open and close mouth Protrude and retract jaw Lateral side-to-side motion
37
glenohumeral joint: contact less than ___ of surface area of glenoid fossa. attached by what?
Contact less than 1/3 of surface area of glenoid fossa | Attached by joint capsule, intra-articular capsular ligaments, glenoid labrum, and meshwork of muscles and tendons
38
shoulder girdle: dynamic stabilizers vs static stabilizers
``` Dynamic stabilizers (move): Rotator cuff (SITS) – moves humerus, stabilizes humeral head within glenoid fossa Static stabilizers (do not move): Labrum, articular capsule, glenohumeral ligaments ```
39
what is the labrum?
fibrocartilaginous ring, surrounds glenoid to deepen socket
40
what anchors the shoulder joint to the axial skeleton ?
sternoclavicular joint and scapulothoracic articulation (inserting muscles, not true joint)
41
shoulder: structures you need to ID on exam (6)
``` Manubrium Sternoclavicular joint Clavicle Tip of acromion Greater tubercle of humerus Coracoid process ```
42
shoulder: ___ joints, ___large bones ____ principle muscle groups
Interconnection of 3 joints, 3 large bones, 3 principal muscle groups
43
what are the 3 joints within the shoulder?
Glenohumeral Sternoclavicular Acromioclavicular (AC)
44
what is each like? Glenohumeral, Sternoclavicular, Acromioclavicular (AC)
Glenohumeral: Deep, not normally palpable (Ball-and-socket) Sternoclavicular: Convex medial end of clavicle articulates with concave hollow in upper sternum (manubrium) Acromioclavicular (AC): Lateral end of clavicle articulates with acromion of scapula
45
what 3 muscle groups are involved in the shoulder?
scapulohumeral, axioscapular, axiohumeral | *biceps + triceps as well
46
scapulohumeral muscle group: what does it do? what 4 muscles are included?
rotate shoulder laterally and depresses and rotates the head of the humerus -supraspinatus, infraspinatus+ teres minor, subscapularis
47
axioscapular muscle group: what does it do? what 4 muscles are included
Attaches trunk to scapula + rotates scapular | trapezius, rhomboids, serratus anterior, and levator scapulae
48
axiohumeral muscle group: what does it do? what 3 muscles are included?
Attaches trunk to humerus + internal rotation of shoulder pectoralis major and minor and latissimus dorsi
49
how to find to biceps tendon on exam
Rotate arm externally and find tendinous cord that runs just medial to greater tubercle = tendon of long head of biceps that runs in bicipital groove between greater and lesser tubercles (can also start at elbow and track up)
50
subacromial bursa: where is it? what action compresses it? when might it be palpable?
Between acromion and head of humerus and overlying supraspinatus tendon Compressed by abduction Bursa may be palpable if inflamed
51
inspection of shoulder: what do inspect anteriorly vs posteriorly?
Inspect shoulder/shoulder girdle anteriorly | Inspect scapulae and related muscles posteriorly
52
what are you inspected shoulder muscles FOR? what do you want to inspect about the general appearance of the shoulder?
Look for swelling, deformity, muscle atrophy, fasciculations, abnormal positions Inspect upper extremity for color, skin changes, unusual bony contours
53
palpation of bony landmarks of shoulder
1. Trace clavicle laterally 2. Bony spine of scapula from behind laterally and up to acromion and ID anterior tip 3. Pointer finger on acromion, press medially with thumb to find elevated ridge of distal clavicle at AC joint 4. Move thumb down and medial to next bony prominence, coracoid process 5. Leave thumb on coracoid process and allow fingers to locate lateral aspect of humerus to palpate greater tubercle (SITS insertion site)
54
palpation of subacromial + subdeltoid bursae + SITs muscles: how do you want to position the arm?
Passively extend humerus by lifting elbow posteriorly to rotate structures anterior to acromion. Then palpate bursae + SITS muscles
55
what are the locations of the SITS muscles?
Supraspinatus – directly under acromion Infraspinatus – posterior to supraspinatus Teres minor – posterior and inferior to supraspinatus Subscapularis inserts anteriorly and is not palpable
56
what is included in ROM of the shoulder?
Flexion + Extension Abduction + Adduction Internal rotation + External rotation
57
extra tests for shoulder: what does the "crossover test" and "apley scratch test" each look for?
crossover test : compression of AC joint | apley scratch test: shoulder Rotation
58
what are the two signs for impingements of the rotator cuff?
Neer’s impingement sign: stabilize pts shoulder while putting in max elevation (shoulder near ear). pain = positive Hawkin’s impingement sign: flex arm at 90 degrees + medially rotate shoulder (forward flex + horizontal adduct). pain = positive
59
test for supraspinatus vs infraspinatus strength
- Suprapinatus strength “empty can test” - Infraspinatus strength – arms at side at 90 degrees with thumbs up, provide resistance as patient presses forearms outward (rotator cuff or bicipital tendonitis)
60
forarm supination test
Provide resistance as patient tries to rotate wrist from pronation to supination (elbows at 90 degrees) (rotator cuff or bicipital tendonitis)
61
what is the "drop arm test" for?
rotator cuff tear
62
what are the 3 articulations in the elbow ?
Humeroulnar joint Radiohumeral joint Radioulnar joint All 3 in large common articular cavity with extensive synovial lining
63
muscles of the elbow?
``` Biceps Brachioradialis (flexion) Triceps (extension) Pronator teres (pronation) Supinator (supination) ```
64
olecranon bursa : where is it? is it palpabe?
between olecranon process and skin | Usually not palpable (May become swollen, inflamed, and tender)
65
3 nerves of the elbow
Ulnar nerve – posterior in ulnar groove between medial epicondyle and olecranon process Median nerve – ventral forearm just medial to brachial artery Radial Nerve – Anterior medial aspect at elbow
66
elbow exam: inspection
Support forearm and flex elbow to about 70° ID medial and lateral epicondyles and olecranon process Inspect for abnormal contours, nodules, swelling
67
elbow exam: palpation (4)
1. Olecranon process – note tenderness, swelling, inflammation, displacement 2. Epicondyles – note tenderness, swelling 3. Grooves between epicondyles and olecranon – note tenderness, swelling, thickening 4. Ulnar nerve between olecranon process and medial epicondyle (SENSITIVE!)
68
elbow ROM (4)
Flexion + Extension . (radial + ulnar deviation) | Pronation+ Supination
69
how many carpal bones? what are they?
8 carpal bones Trapezium , Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate pisiform, Triquetrum, Lunate, Scaphoid
70
wrist- includes what? hand?
wrist: carpals hand: metacarpals + phalanges (proximal, middle, distal)
71
3 joints of the wrist
1. Radiocarpal – note groove on dorsal aspect of wrist; provides most of flexion and extension at wrist 2. Distal radioulnar 3. Intercarpal
72
3 joints of the hand
1. Metacarpophalangeal (MCPs) – flex hand and find groove distal to knuckle, felt best on either side of extensor tendon 2. PIPs 3. DIPs
73
how many muscles are involved in wrist flexion, extension, supination/pronation?
Two carpal muscles on radial and ulnar surfaces = flexion Two radial and one ulnar muscle = wrist extension Forearm muscle contraction = supination/pronation
74
muscles involved in flexion, abduction, opposition, + extension
Three muscles form thenar eminence and provide flexion, abduction, and opposition of the thumb Muscle base of thumb along radial margin = thumb extension
75
muscles of digit movement
Flexor and extensor tendons of muscles in forearm and wrist = digit movement Intrinsic hand muscles that attach to metacarpals provide digit flexion (lumbricals), abduction (dorsal interossei), and adduction (palmar interossei)
76
what is the carpal tunnel?
Channel beneath palmar surface of wrist and proximal hand containing sheath and 2 flexor tendons of forearm muscles and median nerve
77
where is the flexor retinaculum and median nerve?
Flexor retinaculum – hold tendons and tendon sheath in place (over carpal tunnel) Median nerve between sheath and retinaculum
78
inspection of the wrist and hand (5)
1. Observe position, motion Rest = slightly flexed fingers aligned almost parallel 2. Palmar and dorsal surfaces for joint edema 3. Deformities / Radial or ulnar deviation 4. Contours of palm (thenar and hypothenar eminences) 5. Flexor tendon thickening, flexion contractures in fingers
79
which nerve is damaged for thenar atrophy vs hypothenar atrophy?
Thenar atrophy – median nerve | Hypothenar atrophy – ulnar nerve
80
palpation of the wrist: 1st three parts. what 3 things do you palpate grooves of joints for?
1. Palpate distal radius and ulna laterally and medially 2. Palpate grooves of joints placing thumbs on dorsum of wrist and fingers on ventral aspect (Swelling, boggy, tender) 3. Palpate radial styloid and anatomical snuffbox (hollow distal to radial styloid )
81
palpation of wrist: last 4 parts
4. Palpate eight carpal bones and then each metacarpal and proximal, middle, and distal phalanges 5. Palpate suspected abnormality 6. MCP Compression – 7. Palpate medial and lateral PIP and DIP 8. Palpate along tendons of each digit especially if inflammation noted
82
MCP compression
squeeze hand from each side between thumb and fingers and palpate MCP Note swelling, boggy, tender
83
palpation of PIP and DIP for what?
PIP + DIP: Swelling, boggy, tender and bony enlargement
84
3 part test for sensation of nerves in the hand/wrist (which hand to check for which nerve)
Pulp of index finger (median) pulp of 5th finger (ulnar) dorsal web space of thumb and index finger (radial)
85
3 maneuvers to test for hand/wrist
1. Hand grip 2. Thumb movement (Finkelstein’s test) – DeQuervain’s tenosynovitis 3. Carpal tunnel
86
what are the 3 tests for carpal tunnel?
thumb abduction: pt raises thumb as you apply resistance Tinel’s test: tapping over course of median nerve Phalen’s test (60 sec): hold wrists at flexion for 60 seconds * for all: numbness/weakness = positive
87
what is finkelstien's test for?
deQuervain's tensynovitis- hold thumb into palm and ulnar deviate. pain = positive
88
what is the distribution of nerves in the hand?
dorsal hand + lateral thumb: radial nerve palm + distal ventral/dorsal fingers: median nerve pinky + 1/2 ring finger: ulnar nerve
89
ROM of fingers and thumb
ROM of fingers: Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction | ROM of thumbs: Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, opposition

Clin Skills (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions