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CPR > Cardiac Conduction and APs > Flashcards

Cardiac Conduction and APs Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

ECG

A

Electrocardiogram

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2
Q

What does an ECG measure?

A

Extracellular voltage - difference between regions

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3
Q

P wave

A

Atrial depolarization (contraction)

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4
Q

At the peak of the P wave, what is contracting?

A

Right atrium

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5
Q

When the P wave returns to baseline, what is contracting?

A

BOTH atria

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6
Q

PR segment

A

Both atria contracting - baseline

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7
Q

QRS

A

Ventricular depolarization (contraction)

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8
Q

ST segment

A

Both ventricles contracting - baseline

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9
Q

T wave

A

Ventricular repolarization (relaxation)

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10
Q

The atrial T wave is hidden behind ____

A

QRS complex

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11
Q

R - R interval

A

Periods between ventricular depolarization

- determines heart rate

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12
Q

PR interval

A

Contraction and relaxation cycle of atria

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13
Q

QT interval

A

Contraction and relaxation cycle of ventricles

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14
Q

Bradycardia

A

HR < 60/min

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15
Q

Tachycardia

A

HR > 100/min

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16
Q

1st degree AV block

A

PR interval > 0.2 ms

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17
Q

What is the order that the action potentials spread?

A 
SA node
AV node
Bundle of His
R and L bundle branches
Small purkinje fibers
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18
Q

Which atrium contracts first?

A

Right

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19
Q

Which layer of the heart contracts first?

A

Endocardium

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20
Q

Which ventricle contracts first?

A

Right

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21
Q

All portions of the action potential pathway can spontaneously generate action potentials under the right circumstances. What is the usual pacemaker of the cycle?

A

SA node

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22
Q

All portions of the action potential pathway can spontaneously generate action potentials under the right circumstances. What maintains the correct order?

A

Overdrive suppression

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23
Q

Cells with larger diameter have ______ signal propagation

A

FASTER

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24
Q

Compared to the AV node, purkinje fibers have ____ signal propagation

A

Faster

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25
Which portions of the heart have cardiac FAST action potentials?
Atria, ventricles, purkinjes
26
Which portions of the heart have cardiac SLOW action potentials?
SA node and AV node
27
Cardiac FAST action potentials involve what phases?
0, 1, 2, 3, 4
28
Cardiac SLOW action potentials involved what phases?
4, 0, 3
29
Phase 0 of a cardiac FAST action potential
INCREASED Na+ conductance into the cell | - (opening of fast na+ channels)
30
Phase 1 of a cardiac FAST action potential
CLOSURE of Na+ voltage gated channels | OPENING of transient outward K+ current (Ito)
31
Phase 2 of a cardiac FAST action potential
OPENING of voltage gated Ca++ channels CLOSURE of transient outward K+ current (Ito) CLOSURE of inward rectifying K+ channels
32
Phase 3 of a cardiac FAST action potential
CLOSURE of voltage gated Ca++ channels OPENING of inward rectifying K+ channels **OPENING of voltage gated K+ channels (Ikr and Iks)
33
Phase 4 of a cardiac FAST action potential
Resting membrane potential due to the Na+/K+ ATPase
34
What enters the cell during phase 0 of a cardiac FAST action potential?
Sodium (Na+)
35
What leaves the cell during phase 1 of a cardiac FAST action potential?
Potassium (K+)
36
What enters the cell during phase 2 of a cardiac FAST action potential and what remains inside?
``` Calcium enters (Ca+) Potassium remains inside the cell (K+) ```
37
What leaves the cell during phase 3 of a cardiac FAST action potential?
Potassium (K+)
38
When do the sodium channels open during a FAST action potential?
Phase 0
39
When do sodium channels closure during a FAST action potential?
Phase 1
40
When does the transient outward K+ current open during a FAST action potential?
Phase 1
41
When does the transient outward K+ current close during a FAST action potential?
Phase 2
42
When does the Ca+ channels open during a FAST action potential?
Phase 2
43
When does the inward rectifying K+ channels close during a FAST action potential?
Phase 2
44
When do the inward rectifying and voltage gated K+ channels open during a FAST action potential?
Phase 3
45
Long QT syndrome
Transition from phase 2 - phase 3 is lengthened
46
What can be influenced with Long QT syndrome?
Voltage gated K+ channels (Ikr, Iks)
47
Phase 4 of a cardiac SLOW action potential
Slow influx of Na+ due to opening of "funny" voltage gated Na+ channels after repolarization
48
Phase 0 of a cardiac SLOW action potential
OPENING of CA++ channels | CLOSURE of inward rectifying K+ channels
49
Phase 3 of a cardiac SLOW action potential
CLOSURE of Ca++ channels | OPENING of delayed rectifying K+ channels
50
What causes phase 0 in a cardiac SLOW action potential?
Opening of calcium channels!! | not sodium like in fast action potentials
51
Parasympathetic ____ heart rate
SLOWS
52
Sympathetic ____ heart rate
INCREASES
53
What nerve is the parasympathetic innervation to the heart?
Vagus
54
What is the NT for parasympathetic innervation to the heart and what receptor does it bind?
Acetylcholine --> muscarinic receptor
55
Does parasympathetic innervation influence contractility?
NO
56
What is the adjustment that occurs for parasympathetics to decrease heart rate?
Slower entry of sodium during phase 4
57
What is the NT for sympathetic innervation to the heart and what receptor does it bind?
Norepinephrine --> beta1 adrenergic receptor
58
Does sympathetic innervation to the heart increase contractility?
YES
59
What is the adjustment that occurs for sympathetics to increase heart rate?
Faster entry of sodium during phase 4
60
No AP can be generated
Absolute refractory period
61
AP can be generated, but will require a larger stimulus
Relative refractory period
62
Cell is actually more excitable than normal but AP will be abnormally conducted
Supranormal period
63
Hyperkalemia ____ phase 0
SLOWS
64
Hyperkalemia ____ phase 3
Speeds
65
Hyperkalemia causes the membrane potential to be more?
Positive

CPR (48 decks)

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