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CPR > Systemic Circulation and Hemodynamics > Flashcards

Systemic Circulation and Hemodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

Arteries have ____ flow and ____ pressures

A

HIGH

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2
Q

Arterioles can moderate pressure because they have a lot of ____ in their walls

A

Smooth muscle

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3
Q

Capillaries have what important quality?

A

LARGE cross-sectional area

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4
Q

Veins have ____ flow and ____ pressures

A

LOW

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5
Q

Veins have what important quality?

A

Act as a storage reservoir; LARGE volume

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6
Q

What is the equation for Flow (Q)?

A

Pressure gradient/Resistance

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7
Q

If you increase resistance, what effect will that have on the flow?

A

DECREASE flow

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8
Q

If you decrease resistance, what effect will that have on the flow?

A

INCREASE flow

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9
Q

Resistance is directly proportional to what?

A

Viscosity

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10
Q

If you increase viscosity you will do what to resistance?

A

INCREASE

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11
Q

Resistance is indirectly proportional to what?

A

Radius (diameter) of the vessel

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12
Q

If you increase the radius of a vessel you will do what to resistance?

A

DECREASE

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13
Q

If you increase the radius of a vessel, what effect will that have on the flow?

A

Increased radius = decreased resistance = increased flow

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14
Q

If you decrease the radius of a vessel, what effect will that have on the flow?

A

Decreased radius = increased resistance = decreased flow

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15
Q

Ratio of RBC:plasma in the blood

A

Hematocrit

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16
Q

Increased hematocrit increases ____

A

Viscosity

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17
Q

Increased viscosity will increase?

A

Resistance

– and thus decrease flow

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18
Q

Hematocrit is usually around 40-50% and is higher in what gender?

A

Males

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19
Q

Adding resistance beds in series ____ resistance

A

INCREASES

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20
Q

Adding resistance beds in parallel _____ resistance

A

DECREASES

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21
Q

How are capillary beds arranged, in series or parallel and what is the corresponding resistance?

A

They are arranged in parallel = low resistance

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22
Q

Flow is the same as?

A

Cardiac output

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23
Q

What is the equation for Cardiac Output (flow)?

A

Arterial pressure - Venous pressure / TPR

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24
Q

TPR

A

Total Peripheral Resistance

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25
Where is the site of greatest control of blood flow and TPR?
Arterioles!!
26
Increased Sympathetic tone does what to TPR and flow?
Vasoconstriction | - INCREASED TPR and DECREASED flow
27
Decreased Sympathetic tone does what to TPR and flow?
Vasodilation | - DECREASED TPR and INCREASED flow
28
What is the equation for Velocity?
Flow / Cross-sectional Area
29
Where will velocity be high?
Arteries
30
Where will velocity be low?
Capillaries - due to the HIGH CSA!
31
When velocity is HIGH the blood flow may become ___
Turbulent
32
What predicts when turbulence will occur?
Reynold's Number
33
Reynold's Number has to be greater than what to predict the transition from laminar to turbulent flow?
> 2000
34
Reynold's Number of > 2000 may lead to?
Bruits and Arteriosclerosis
35
What is compliance?
Ability to relax and hold blood -- opposite of elasticity
36
Where is compliance the highest?
Veins
37
Where is compliance the lowest?
Arteries - HIGH elasticity
38
Smooth muscle contraction in veins increases blood flow back to arteries and increases?
Blood pressure
39
Pressure gradually ____ through systemic circulation
Decreases
40
Where is the greatest pressure drop in the systemic circulation?
Arterioles
41
Pulse pressure
Systolic BP - Diastolic BP
42
Mean Arterial Pressure
1/3(systolic BP) + 2/3(diastolic BP)
43
Compliance equation
Stroke volume / Pulse pressure
44
Decreased compliance has what effect on the pulse pressure and thus the systolic BP?
Increased pulse pressure and systolic BP
45
Capillaries have ____ that can further control flow
Precapillary sphincters
46
What are 3 ways exchange across capillary walls occurs?
1. Clefts - water soluble substances 2. Plasma membrane - lipid soluble substances 3. Vesicles - larger substances
47
Vasomotion
Oscillating flow of blood through capillaries | -- Not all capillaries are open all the time
48
What regulates vasomotion of capillaries?
Oxygen levels in tissues
49
Fluid moving out of a capillary is known as?
Filtration
50
Filtration at a capillary has what sign?
+
51
Fluid moving in to a capillary is known as?
Absorption
52
Absorption at a capillary has what sign?
-
53
What are the 2 types of pressures involved at the capillary
Hydrostatic | Osmotic
54
Where does fluid usually leave the capillary (+)?
Arteriolar end
55
Where does fluid usually enter the capillary (-)?
Venous end
56
Capillary hydrostatic pressure (Pc)
Forces fluid OUT of capillary
57
Capillary osmotic pressure (PIEc)
Draws fluid IN to capillary
58
Interstitial hydrostatic fluid pressure (Pif)
Forces fluid IN to capillary
59
Interstitial osmotic pressure (PIEif)
Pulls fluid OUT of capillary into interstitial fluid
60
What is the equation to determine the net direction of fluid movement at the capillary?
(Pc - Pif) - (PIEc - PIEif) = + --> Fluid leaves capillary (filtration) = - --> Fluid enters capillary (absorption)
61
What takes up things that the capillaries cannot reabsorb?
Lymphatics
62
Acute control of blood flow is achieved by rapid changes in local vasodilation/constriction of?
Arterioles Metarterioles Precapillary sphincters
63
Blood flow changes due to changes in arterial pressure than then return to normal blood flow
Autoregulation
64
What 2 theories are involved in autoregulation?
Metabolic | Myogenic
65
Metabolic theory
Increased arterial pressure = excess flow provides too much oxygen and nutrients
66
What are associated with the metabolic theory?
Reactive and Active hyperemia
67
Occurs after blood supply was blocked for a short time
Reactive hyperemia
68
Occurs when tissue metabolic rate is increased
Active hyperemia
69
Myogenic theory
Increased arterial pressure = smooth muscle walls stretch and then constrict to return blood flow back to normal
70
List some (4) humoral vasoconstrictors
Norepinephrine Vasopressin Angiotensin 2 Serotonin
71
List some (2) humoral vasodilators
Bradykinin | Histamine
72
Most ions vasodilate except for?
Calcium
73
Coronary blood flow is restricted during?
Ventricular contraction
74
Cerebral blood flow is not influenced by?
Vasoactive substances
75
Where are the highest pressures in pulmonary circulation?
Right ventricle and pulmonary artery
76
At rest, skeletal muscle is under what control?
Central and baroreceptor
77
At exercise, skeletal muscle is under what control?
Local | - Contraction periods of occlusion following by reactive hyperemia
78
What is inhibited to induce vasodilation and get blood to the skin?
Central sympathetic activation
79
Trauma to the skin releases?
Histamine
80
Histamine on the skin causes?
Red line Red flare Wheal (edema)

CPR (48 decks)

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