Cardiac Disease Flashcards
(88 cards)
Blood always flows from higher pressure regions to lower pressure regions. True or False?
True
How do we determine the mean arterial pressure?
The mean arterial pressure is the product of the cardiac output by the peripheral vascular resistance.
What influences the peripheral vascular resistance?
Hormones (ANP, vasopressin, epinephrin and angiotensin II), the sympathetic NS and the parasympathetic NS.
Changes in blood pressure are detected by the carotid and _________ ___________ ________________ and corrected by the _________________ and RAA system.
aortic sinus baroreceptors; baroreflex
How do we determine the cardiac output?
It is the product of the heart rate by the stroke volume.
The heart rate is influenced by the electrical conduction system and by the ___________ _______________.
nervous system
What is stroke volume influenced by?
- Volemia
- End diastolic volume
- Blood pressure
- Ventricular wall thickness
- Contractility
The baroreflex is more sensitive to an increase in blood pressure. True or False?
False
How does the baroreflex regulate blood pressure?
When an increase in BP is detected in the carotid and aortic sinus receptors, the brain acts in order to decrease the heart rate, contractility and the peripheral vascular resistance (vasodilation).
A vasopressina (ADH) é produzida no ___________________ e libertada pela _____________ _____________.
hipotálamo; hipófise posterior
Angiotensinogen is produced in the ____________. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is produced in the ___________.
liver; lungs
Aldosterone is produced in the ____________ ____________.
adrenal cortex
Sodium and hypercaloric foods rich diet is not a risk factor for cardiac diseases. True or False?
False
Define heart failure.
Decrease or loss of the pumping ability.
What are the causes (7) of heart failure?
1) Ischemic heart disease
2) Endocardial disease
3) Hypertension
4) Pericardial disease
5) Cardiomyopathy
6) Arrhythmias
7) Medication
Heart failure can go from chronic to acute due to a decompensation caused by a new disease/medication. True or False?
True
A preserved ejection fraction is when ______-______% of blood is pumped out at each heart beat.
55; 70
In dyastolic dysfunction, EF is _______________.
preserved
In systolic dysfunction, EF is ____________.
reduced
What are the general causes of systolic dysfunction?
- Ischemic heart disease
- Endocardial disease
- Hypertension
- Diabetes mellitus
- Renal disease
- Infiltrative disease
What are the specific causes of systolic dysfunction?
- Arrythmias
- Myocarditis
- Dilated cardiomyopathy
What are the specific causes of diastolic dysfunction?
- Pericardial disease
- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- Restrictive cardiomyopathy
What are the causes (5) for left heart failure?
- Volume overload (valvular insufficiency, anemia and hiperthyroidism - aumenta a HR)
- Pressure overload (hypertension and ejection obstruction)
- Decreased filling (AV valcular stenosis, pericardial disease, infiltrative diseases)
- Loss of cardiomyocytes (acute myocardial infarction and connective tissue diseases)
- Decrease in contractility (toxic substances and infections)
What are the hemodynamical changes that occur in systolic dysfunction?
EDV > SV —> less cardiac output
The heart tries to maintain cardiac output through:
- Frank-Starling mechanism (the heavier the preload, the stronger the contraction)
- Increase in catecholaminas (↑HR; ↑SV)
- Myocardial hypertrophy (↑EDV –> ↑SV)