Cardiac Function

Question 1

Fluid returns to the heart

Answer 1

Preload

Question 2

Resistance, how much the heart needs to work to get blood out (SVR)

Answer 2

Afterload

Question 3

Contractility, force of each beat
Contractile proteins, ATP, calcium

Answer 3

Ionotropy

Question 4

Heart rate

Answer 4

Chronotropy

Question 5

How much gets out / total vol.

Answer 5

Ejection Fraction

Question 6

Atrial depolarization, diastole

Answer 6

P-Wave

Question 7

Ventricular depolarization, systole

Answer 7

QRS-Complex

Question 8

Ventricular repolarization

Answer 8

T-Wave

Question 9

The force or tension developed in a muscle fiber depends on the extent to which the fiber is stretched
More preload and recoil, length-tension relationship

Answer 9

Frank-Starling Law

Question 10

Parasympathetics, baroreceptor stimulates vagus nerve, low HR, low BP

Answer 10

Vasovagal Syncope

Question 11

Most representative ECG picture

Answer 11

Lead 2

Question 12

Coronary arteries fill

Answer 12

Diastole

Question 13

Distribution system with the capillary bed acting as a filter to provide nutrients/O2 while removing waste/CO2

Answer 13

Left heart and arteries

Question 14

Collection system with the pulmonary capillary bed acting as a gas exchange circuit

Answer 14

Right heart and veins

Question 15

Heart contracts against closed valves, no change in volume

Answer 15

Isovolumetric contractions

Question 16

Heart relaxes, all valves are closed

Answer 16

Isovolumetric relaxation

Question 17

Volume of blood ejected from the ventricle (EDV - ESV)

Answer 17

Stroke volume

Question 18

Blood left in the ventricle after the filling phase

Answer 18

End-diastolic volume

Question 19

Blood left in the ventricle after contraction phase

Answer 19

End-systolic volume

Question 20

EDV - ESV / EDV

Answer 20

Ejection fraction

Question 21

Atrial contraction

Answer 21

A waves

Question 22

Contraction of ventricles causing AV valves to bulge into atria

Answer 22

C waves

Question 23

Atrial filling (pressure created by blood returning from the systemic circulation)

Answer 23

V waves

Question 24

Release of norepi/epi, parasympathetic baroreceptor response (CN IX/X)

Answer 24

Determines HR

Question 25

Right atrium/ventricle, SA/AV nodes, Bundle of His, intraventricular septum

Answer 25

Right coronary supplies...

Question 26

Left ventricle, right atrium, R/L bundle branches, intraventricular septum, anterior papillary muscles

Answer 26

Left anterior descending artery supplies...

Question 27

Left atrium/ventricle, SA node

Answer 27

Left circumflex artery

Question 28

Increased coronary flow

Answer 28

Increased ATP, potassium channels close, depolarization smooth muscle cells = vasoconstriction

Question 29

Decreased coronary flow

Answer 29

Decreased ATP, potassium channels open, inhibit depolarization of smooth muscle cells = vasodilation

Question 30

Norepi/epi, thyroid hormone, caffeine, digitalis

Answer 30

Positive inotropes

Question 31

Calcium channel blockers, beta blockers

Answer 31

Negative inotropes

Question 32

Regulation of inotropy (contractility)

Answer 32

Contractile proteins, ATP, calcium

Question 33

Regulation of automaticity

Answer 33

Sympathetic: increased contraction/rate, norepi *Parasympathetic: decreased contraction/rate, acetylcholine

Question 34

Autonomic regulation of coronary arteries

Answer 34

Alpha-1: vasoconstriction *Beta-2: vasodilation

Question 35

Atrial depolarization

Answer 35

P wave (electrocardiography)

Question 36

Ventricular repolarization

Answer 36

T wave (electrocardiography)

Question 37

atrial depolarization to ventricular depolarization, positive change

Answer 37

PR interval (electrocardiography)

Question 38

Massive ventricular repolarization, necessary for pumping blood out of the heart

Answer 38

R wave (electrocardiography)

Question 39

ANP

Answer 39

Atrial stretching results in excretion of sodium and volume reduction Communicates with kidneys Opposite of RAAS

Question 40

BNP

Answer 40

Ventricular distention results in excretion of sodium and volume reduction Communicates with kidneys Opposite of RAAS

Question 41

Clinical test of cardiac function

Answer 41

ECG, MRI/CT, echocardiography, SPECT (nuclear medicine), angiography of coronaries ("cath"), labs/bloodwork